Sripatum Chonburi Academic Journal

CYBERSECURITY AND SAFETY IN MODERN AVIATION SYSTEMS: RISK ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION APPROACHES

Jitlada Piyatat — 2025-12-26

The aviation industry in the digital age relies on real-time data networks, from satellite navigation systems to ground-based operational analytics platforms, which enhance operational efficiency and resilience. However, cyber vulnerabilities are rapidly expanding, rendering traditional defense measures inadequate. The digital aviation industry, relying on real-time data, is increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats. The key idea is to use the NIST CSF 2.0 as a "grand plan" for how organizations should identify critical assets, prevent, monitor, respond, and recover from cyber incidents.
This academic article synthesizes a comprehensive picture of cyber risks across the entire aviation supply chain, from aircraft, air traffic management systems, airports, and the software supply chain. It also aligns defense approaches from key international standards, drawing on the International Aviation Framework for Aviation, with existing international standards, including ICAO A41-19, NIST SP 800-82 Rev. 2, and EASA Easy Access Rules 2024. The article also discusses jurisdictional responsibilities, regulatory consistency, cross-border oversight, and talent shortages. The report is from the International Information System Security Certification Consortium, Inc., a nonprofit professional association specializing in cybersecurity founded in the United States in 1989. "Building a Safer Cyber World" ISC2 identified a global cybersecurity gap of over 5 million jobs. Finally, it proposed a short-, medium-, and long-term roadmap to enhance cyber resilience and emphasized policy principles for all parties as auditable requirements in Europe. The FAA ASISP helped promote security-by-design, following the Aircraft Systems Information Security (ASISP) guidelines, a cybersecurity framework for aircraft systems from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States. These guidelines promote the secure and confidential reporting and exchange of cyber threat information related to civil aviation systems.

THE ADMINISTRATIVE MODEL FOR ACADEMIC WORK PRODUCTION OF FACULTY MEMBERS IN DEMONSTRATION SCHOOLS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN THE BANGKOK METROPOLITAN AREA

Thapana Thaworn — 2025-12-27

This academic article aims to: 1) investigate the factors influencing the production of academic works among faculty members of demonstration schools under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation in Bangkok; 2) examine the theoretical model of factors affecting the management for academic productivity of faculty members in these demonstration schools in relation to empirical data; and 3) assess the appropriateness and feasibility of the management model for enhancing academic productivity of faculty members within the context of institutions supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. The findings highlight the significance of both internal and external factors related to academic work production, which serve as a crucial foundation for formulating management approaches aligned with the needs of faculty members and academic standards. Furthermore, the study provides policy-oriented implications that can contribute to improving the quality of academic management in demonstration schools, as well as supporting the long-term development of higher education institutions in Thailand.

ESTABLISHING LEGAL MEASURES FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Chudtapong Chuedee — 2025-12-27

This academic article examines the legal problems and obstacles concerning artificial intelligence (AI) in Thailand, where there is still no clear legal framework governing AI systems. The absence of specific legislation creates uncertainty when damage or harm is caused by AI. Current Thai law does not yet provide concrete legal measures to support or regulate the use of AI. As a result, when harm occurs through the use of an AI system, the owner or controller of the property in which the AI is used is responsible under existing civil and criminal law — even if the harm is caused by an error or malfunction of the AI system. At present, there is no legal provision that imposes liability on the developers or creators of the AI system. They will only be liable if it can be clearly proven that the damage resulted from faults in the design or development of the AI technology. In practice, such proof is extremely difficult due to the complexity and opacity of AI mechanisms and decision-making processes. Furthermore, the Product Liability Act B.E.2551 does not yet provide clear guidance on whether and how it should apply to damage caused by AI systems. This lack of clarity raises significant concerns regarding responsibility and legal certainty for victims, users, and businesses that deploy AI. Therefore, the law should establish specific legal measures for artificial intelligence, to ensure legal certainty, promote responsible use, and enhance public confidence. Clear rules relating to liability arising from AI malfunction are needed in order to harmonize the development of technology-related legislation with the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand and with international legal systems where AI-specific regulatory frameworks are already being considered or implemented.

PRODUCTION OF THE SHORT FILM LEARNING OR SURVIVING: PROMOTING UNDERSTANDING OF THE GOAL OF EQUAL EDUCATION

Yaowanart Panpeng — 2026-01-08

This article aims to addressing educational inequality in Thai society, particularly among students from disadvantaged backgrounds or those burdened with family responsibilities. The project also seeks to promote awareness and understanding of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4): “inclusive and equitable quality education for all.” In terms of content analysis, the narrative follows Ohm, a secondary school student whose family obligations prevent him from attending school regularly. Despite his technical aptitude and potential, he is compelled to work in order to support his family, thereby sacrificing opportunities for learning and personal development. The story is told through the perspective of Teacher Aoy, who strives to understand and support her student, reflecting the importance of an education system that acknowledges learners’ socio-economic contexts. From the perspective of narrative and aesthetic elements, the film employs a linear storytelling structure. Technically, it utilizes diverse camera angles to enhance the storytelling. Regarding its communicative value, the film effectively raises awareness of educational inequality, while in terms of impact and interpretation, it allows viewers to engage in multiple interpretations shaped by their own life contexts. Overall, the film demonstrates the potential of short films as creative media for social reflection, capable of stimulating critical awareness and contributing to discussions on equitable and inclusive education.

SERVICE QUALITY THAT AFFECTING TO CUSTOMER SATISFACTION OF BTS SKYTRAIN IN PATHUM WAN DISTRICT, BANGKOK

Suganjana Thongprasert — 2025-10-14

This research aimed 1) to investigate the behavioral patterns of BTS Skytrain users in the Pathum Wan District, Bangkok, and 2) to analyze the dimensions of service quality that influence customer satisfaction among BTS Skytrain users in the same area. The research sample, selected using purposive and quota sampling methods, consisted of 400 regular BTS Skytrain users in the Pathum Wan District. Data were collected through an online questionnaire (via Google Forms) and analyzed using a statistical software platform. The statistical methods employed included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent samples t test, F test, and one-way ANOVA.
The findings indicated that users continued to utilize the BTS Skytrain service in the Pathum Wan District primarily due to its convenience. The majority of respondents reported traveling for leisure or tourism purposes, most frequently using the service Monday through Friday between 15:01 and 18:00, with usage exceeding 10 times per week and an average weekly expenditure of 301–400 baht. The analysis of service quality dimensions—tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy—revealed that satisfaction after using the service exceeded expectations in all areas. Based on these findings, it was concluded that BTS Skytrain users were generally satisfied with the service quality in the Pathum Wan District. The results of hypothesis testing indicated that differences in gender and average monthly income significantly affected user satisfaction with BTS Skytrain service quality at the .05 level of significance.

IMPROVING THE ORDER STATUS TRACKING PROCESS IN THE PURCHASING DEPARTMENT: A CASE STUDY OF AN ENGINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Kanokwan Sakunsongdej — 2025-10-14

This research aims to: 1) study and analyze the problems of the product order status checking process in the purchasing department of an engine manufacturing company, and 2) improve the product order status checking process in the purchasing department of an engine manufacturing company. The study focuses on reducing data search time and enhancing service efficiency for internal customers. The research employed a case study methodology through work observation, employee interviews, and time measurement of 10 sample purchase orders over a 3-month period. The study identified key problems: internal customers cannot independently check order status and must always inquire with purchasing staff. Each staff member has different data recording methods, resulting in time-consuming data searches and complex work processes. The main causes stem from lack of standardized data storage and inefficient tracking systems. The researcher applied ECRS principles (Eliminate, Combine, Rearrange, Simplify) to analyze and improve work processes by eliminating unnecessary steps, combining related procedures, and rearranging sequences appropriately, along with developing process flow charts to visualize the improvements. Research results showed that before process improvement, checking order status took an average of 160.77 minutes per item (total 1,607.7 minutes for 10 items). After improvement, it took an average of 131.37 minutes per item (total 1,313.7 minutes for 10 items), reducing operation time by 29.4 minutes per item, representing an 18.29% improvement with statistical significance. This improvement not only reduced working time for purchasing staff but also enhanced satisfaction of internal customers who can now receive order status information more quickly and accurately. The research findings can be applied to other organizations with similar operational characteristics.

DEVELOPMENT OF BOARD GAMES FOR LEARNING ENGLISH VOCABULARY “PLANTS IN THAILAND”

Tassanai Nitiprateep — 2025-10-14

This research aimed to 1) study the English vocabulary related to plants found at "Piboonbumpen" Demonstration School, Burapha University, and 2) develop a board game to facilitate learning this vocabulary. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) methodology and was conducted in four distinct phases: 1) An initial investigation into foundational information about board games was carried out, using academic documents and consultations with board game experts. 2) The conceptual model for the board game was developed and designed. 3) A prototype of the Thai botanical vocabulary board game was created. 4) The effectiveness of the prototype was evaluated. Three content validity assessment forms were used to gather expert feedback: one for vocabulary, another for the game’s rules, and a third for the game board layout. The overall suitability of the board game was then evaluated by a panel of experts using a 5-point Likert scale. The statistical analyses used in the research included the percentage, mean, and standard deviation.
The findings indicated that: 1) The study on English vocabulary related to Thai plants showed that the overall appropriateness was at satisfactory level. The Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) index had an average score of .75, with a standard deviation 0.44, and 2) The development of a board game for learning English vocabulary on the topic “Plants in Thailand” was rated at the highest level of effectiveness. The average score was 4.71, with a standard deviation of 0.40

SATISFACTION IN SERVICE QUALITY OF SERVICE USERS OF PRIVATE TRANSPORT COMPANIES FOR DELIVERING BAKERY AND PASTRY IN THAILAND

Anurak Tongkaw — 2025-10-14

This research aims to study the level of satisfaction and compare the satisfaction in the service quality of service users of private transport companies for delivering bakery and pastry in Thailand. This research was survey research by collecting data from 400 service users of private transport companies for delivering bakery and pastry in Thailand using stratified random sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire that was reviewed by three experts and tested for reliability with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .98. The data analysis, according to the objectives of this research, included mean, standard deviation, F test, one-way ANOVA of variance, and multiple comparisons test.
The research results found that: 1) The service users of private transport companies for delivering bakery and pastry in Thailand have a satisfaction level of satisfied with the service quality in every dimension. and 2) The service users were satisfied with the service quality of bakery and pastry delivery services provided by private transport companies in Thailand, in terms of the responsiveness, which was the least satisfying. Therefore, private transport companies in Thailand should develop their personnel to be ready and willing to provide various information and develop processes and technologies for the needs of users in urgent cases for delivering bakery and pastry in Thailand.

INFLUENCER MARKETING AND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES THAT AFFECT CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN PURCHASING PRODUCTS VIA LIVE STREAMING

Chanin Phumbandit — 2025-10-14

The objectives of this research were to study influencer marketing and communication strategies that affect customer loyalty in purchasing products via live streaming through para-social interactions. The study was conducted using food influencers. The sample consisted of 200 food macro-influencers and 200 mega-influencers who had purchased products through Facebook Live, totaling 400 people. This study employed a quantitative research approach using a survey research design. The participants were selected through simple random sampling using computer-generated selection, and data were collected entirely online using a questionnaire as the research instrument. Preliminary screening questions were included at the beginning of the questionnaire. The statistical methods used to analyze the data included descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, specifically multiple regression analysis using the enter method.
The results of the research revealed that in influencer marketing, the aspect that has the most influence on para-social interactions is entertainment and humor. The communication strategy that has the greatest influence on para-social interactions is the content presented. Additionally, different types of influencers have varying effects on the relationship between influencer marketing, communication strategies, and para-social interactions. Furthermore, among the factors of para-social interaction, continuous social media following has the most significant influence on customer loyalty.

THE OPERATIONS OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS UNDER THE OFFICE OF TRANG VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Kanjana Wattanaplaeng — 2025-10-16

This study aimed to investigate the operations of vocational education institutions as perceived by teachers, to compare the operations of vocational education institutions as perceived by teachers in relevance to their gender, educational level, job position, work experience, institution size, administrators’ gender and work experience, and to identify problems and suggestions related to the operations of vocational education institutions. The sample consisted of 187 teachers under Office of Trang Vocational Education. The sample size was determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s table at a 95% confidence interval. Stratified random sampling was conducted based on the proportion of schools, followed by simple random sampling using a lottery method to select teachers from each school. The data collection instrument was a five-point rating scale questionnaire with a consistency index ranging from .60-1 and the overall coefficient alpha of .96. The data analysis statistics included percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent samples t test, F test, one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons using the LSD method and content analysis.
The findings revealed that: 1) the overall operations of vocational education institutions as perceived by teachers were found at very good levels. When considering each department, it was found that the Academic Affairs departments, Student Affairs and Development, and Planning and Cooperation were at very good levels, while the Resource Management department was at a good level; 2) the overall comparison of vocational education institution operations as perceived by teachers in relevance to their gender, educational level, job position, work experience, institution size, administrators’ gender and work experience, showed no significant differences. However, in terms of work experience, it was found that, overall, teachers with less than 10 years of work experience had a higher perception of the vocational education institution operations compared to those with 21 years or more of work experience. Regarding administrators’ gender, it was found that, overall, female administrators had a significantly higher perception than male administrators, at a significance level of .05. 3) Problems and suggestions indicated that, according to some teachers’ perceptions, small-sized colleges were allocated insufficient budgets for managing the institution, lacked modern media, materials, equipment, and teaching tools, which were inadequate for the number of students. In addition, teachers had duties beyond their teaching that were unnecessary, which affected the quality of teaching and learning.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN THAILAND: EXPLORING THAI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ VOICES TOWARDS THE USE OF NON-STANDARD ENGLISH IN AN ENGLISH CLASSROOM

Bair Pittpunt — 2025-10-31

Given the diversity of the English language nowadays, the issues regarding the use of non-standard English in English language teaching have been argued whether it is acceptable or not. Therefore, it is interesting to conduct a study on voices towards the use of non-standard English. This study, then, sought to investigate Thai university students’ voices towards the use of non-standard English and understand how it had impacts on them. This study employed a qualitative approach to explore the voices and its impacts. Thirty Thai university students who enrolled in English for Airline Business course were selected as participants. To collect in-depth data, the semi-structured individual interview was employed as a main research instrument. Thematic analysis was utilised to organise data while interpretive analysis was employed to interpret data.
The findings showed that the participants had three main different levels of acceptability of the use of non-standard English including highly acceptable, moderately acceptable, and poorly acceptable. Moreover, the findings revealed that there were five main impacts of the use of non-standard English including boosting confidence, enhancing fluency in speaking English, creating confusion among Thai students, causing embarrassment, and raising awareness on diversity of English which was a new category emerging from this study. The findings also contribute to the understanding of the voices towards the use of non-standard English in the context studied. This study is hoped to provide those in higher education with useful ideas in designing appropriate courses which might benefit students and English language teaching in Thailand.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THAI TOURISTS’ BEHAVIOR AND THE SERVICE QUALITY OF LANNA SPA BUSINESSES IN CHIANG MAI PROVINCE

Chayanisa Wongphan — 2025-11-15

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the behavior of Thai tourists and the service quality of Lanna spa businesses in Chiang Mai Province, and 2) to analyze the relationship between tourist behavior factors and the service quality of Lanna spa businesses. The sample consisted of 400 Thai tourists who had previously used Lanna spa services in Chiang Mai, selected through convenience sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and the Chi-square statistic.
The results revealed that tourists primarily used Lanna spa services for relaxation and stress relief. Most respondents preferred body massage services and showed a tendency to revisit. The findings also indicated that tourists’ perceptions of service quality were at a high level, particularly in the dimensions of tangibles, responsiveness, and reliability. According to the research hypotheses, the main purpose of service use, usage frequency, service expenditure, type of spa service, and repeat visits were positively related to service quality at a low to moderate level, especially in reliability and responsiveness. Overall, the findings suggest that tourists place greater importance on convenience and personal satisfaction than on overall service quality.

DIGITAL LEADERSHIP OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS UNDER CHACHOENGSAO PRIMARY EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AREA OFFICE 1

Daoprakai Nanthaprom — 2025-12-23

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the digital leadership of school administrators under the Chachoengsao Primary Educational Service Area Office 1; and 2) to compare the digital leadership of school administrators under the Chachoengsao Primary Educational Service Area Office 1, classified by gender, age, educational level, and work experience. The sample consisted of 310 teachers working in schools under the Chachoengsao Primary Educational Service Area Office 1, selected through simple random sampling using a computer-based randomization method. The research instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. The statistical methods employed for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent samples t test, F test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). When statistically significant differences were found, pairwise mean comparisons were conducted using Scheffé’s method.
The research findings revealed that: 1) the overall level of digital leadership of school administrators under the Chachoengsao Primary Educational Service Area Office 1 was at a high level. When ranked from highest to lowest, the dimensions were teamwork, motivation, vision, creativity, and digital technology skills, respectively; and 2) comparisons of digital leadership classified by educational level, age, and work experience showed statistically significant differences at the .05 level, while no significant differences were found when classified by gender. Further pairwise comparisons indicated that teachers aged 31–40 years and 41 years and above perceived the digital leadership of school administrators to be higher than those aged 20–30 years. Teachers holding a degree higher than a bachelor’s degree reported higher perceptions of digital leadership than those holding a bachelor’s degree. Additionally, teachers with 5–10 years of work experience perceived digital leadership to be higher than those with less than 5 years of experience, while teachers with more than 10 years of experience perceived digital leadership to be higher than those with 5–10 years of experience.

A STUDY OF CHINESE VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES AMONG STUDENTS MAJORING IN CHINESE, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, THAKSIN UNIVERSITY

Patthama Deelin — 2025-12-25

The objectives of this research are 1) to study Chinese vocabulary learning strategies for undergraduate students in years 1-4 of the Chinese major at Thaksin University, 2) to study and compare the level of Chinese vocabulary learning strategies for Chinese major students at Thaksin university, categorized by academic year, gender, and prior knowledge of Chinese before entering higher education, and 3) to provide suggestions for designing an appropriate Chinese language instruction model for future learners. The target group of this research selected through purposive sampling, comprised 249 Chinese major students from all academic years at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Thaksin University, in the academic year 2023. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Differences in usage levels among groups were tested at the .05 level of statistical significance.
The results of the research revealed that the overall level of vocabulary learning strategies was at a frequent usage level. The most commonly used strategy was on affective strategies. When comparing the level of use for Chinese vocabulary learning strategies, it was found that first-year, second-year, and fourth-year students used affective strategies the most, while third-year students used compensation strategies the most. Male and female students, both with and without prior knowledge of Chinese before entering higher education, were found to use affective strategies the most.

LEGAL MEASURES REGARDING THE OFFENSE OF ABANDONING THE ELDERLY

Rujeera Yaha — 2025-12-25

This research aims to study and analyze legal measures concerning the offense of abandoning the elderly in Thailand, examining the Criminal Code and foreign laws with specific provisions for elder protection, including those of California (USA), Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and People’s Republic of China. This study involved collecting and analyzing information from textbooks, books, articles, research studies, journals, theses, printed and electronic media, as well as court judgments and rulings, both in Thai and foreign languages. Content analysis was employed to categorize, identify key issues, and synthesize the information for summarization and comparative discussion in line with the research objectives.
The findings indicate that the abandonment of elderly persons is a significant problem, as they are unable to care for themselves and require assistance. Without proper care, they may face harm or even death. Therefore, the law establishes offenses for those responsible for their care who intentionally neglect them, leaving the elderly alone.
The researcher makes recommendations for amendments and additions to the Criminal Code to ensure proper protection and care for the elderly. The following should be a clear definition of the term "the elderly" in the Criminal Code to ensure effective legal protection and enforcement. The Criminal Code also amends about the offense regarding abandoning the elderly in Criminal Code, Section 307, Paragraph Two and amend Section 307. Including the addition of an offense under Section 307, paragraph three, for elderly persons aged 70 years and above.

FORECASTING TOURIST ARRIVALS IN GUILIN CITY USING STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

LiJun Wang — 2025-12-26

This study forecasts tourist arrivals in Guilin using quarterly data from the Guilin Bureau of Statistics spanning 1999–2024 (n=104). Six univariate time-series techniques were benchmarked—Trend Analysis, Classical Decomposition (additive/multiplicative), Moving Average, Single and Double Exponential Smoothing, and the Holt-Winters method—with model selection based on Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The series displays a sustained upward trend with pronounced quarterly seasonality. Consistent with the research objective of identifying the most accurate forecasting approach, the Holt-Winters model with multiplicative seasonality achieved the best fit and predictive accuracy (MAPE=17; MAD=216), capturing peak–off-peak patterns and recent dynamics robustly. These findings indicate that incorporating seasonality multiplicatively is crucial for destinations where demand growth amplifies seasonal fluctuations. The selected model provides reliable short-term forecasts to support capacity planning, resource allocation, and targeted marketing in Guilin’s tourism sector, and offers a practical baseline for method selection in destination forecasting.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A DIGITAL COMPLIANCE SYSTEM FOR THAILAND'S PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION ACT B.E.2562

Laddawan Meeanan — 2025-12-26

This research aims to design and develop a compliance assessment system in accordance with the Personal Data Protection Act B.E.2562, using a private company as a case study. The objectives are to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed system and to assess user satisfaction with its performance. The research methodology was based on the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), supplemented by a review of relevant theoretical frameworks. The system was implemented using PHP, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, with Bootstrap applied for the graphical user interface design and MySQL adopted as the database management system. Data were collected using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using mean and standard deviation.
The results indicate that the system’s effectiveness, as evaluated by experts, was rated at a high level (mean=4.35, SD=0.50). User satisfaction with system functionality, as measured by the Functional test, was at the highest level (mean=4.54, SD=0.50). Additionally, overall user satisfaction with system usability, assessed through the Usability test, was also at the highest level (mean=4.53, SD=0.51). These findings demonstrate that the developed system is both effective and well-received by its users, suggesting its potential applicability in enhancing PDPA compliance assessments within organizational settings.

IMPROVEMENT WAREHOUSE OPERATIONS TO REDUCE WASTE AND ENHANCE INVENTORY DATA ACCURACY: A CASE STUDY OF A LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDER

Jirawan Niemsakul — 2025-12-26

A logistics service provider company in Chonburi province experienced significant inventory data discrepancies resulting from inefficient operational processes. The root causes were identified as a complex warehouse management system (WMS) that complicated data entry and inherent wastes within the workflow. This research proposes the re-engineering of internal warehouse processes. The objective is to analyze and improve the warehouse management procedures using Flow Process Charts and the ECRS (Eliminate, Combine, Rearrange, Simplify) technique to reduce waste and mitigate inventory record inaccuracies.
The findings reveal that the improved processes led to a significant reduction in operational time. Specifically, the receiving process time was reduced by 8.34 minutes per cycle (8.79%), the picking and dispatching process by 7.96 minutes per cycle (7.41%), and the put-away process by 6.08 minutes per cycle (5.52%) Most notably, these enhancements resulted in a 95% reduction in inventory data discrepancies, demonstrating the efficacy of the applied methodologies.