PANIDHANA JOURNAL

Dreaming the Machine’s Dream: A Dreamworld Analysis of Video Games Concerning Humanoid Robots

Attapon Pamakho — 2025-06-29

This research article examines three humanoid robot video games, The Talos Principle (2014), NieR: Automata (2017), and Detroit: Become Human (2018). The study employs Alfie Bown’s dreamworld analysis framework, which suggests that video games are others’ dreams that players can experience as if they were their own. Video games are thus not merely devices that players control but may also have the power to influence players’ dreams, desires, and hopes.

The Talos Principle transforms anxieties about artificial intelligence into a desire to develop AI as humanity’s heir and legacy bearer in a post-apocalyptic world. NieR: Automata converts concerns about mechanized society within the context of Japanese social and economic crises, using a post-apocalyptic setting as a backdrop, leading to a desire to overthrow the power systems or structures that determine people’s existence in society. Detroit: Become Human transforms anxieties about AI replacing human labor into a desire for AI as revolutionaries fighting for equality and civil rights amid a neoliberal economic context.

This research is significant in revealing video games’ mechanisms for directing human desires, exemplifying how human subjectivity could be modified or controlled by human-created technology. Understanding these video game mechanisms can enhance human capital through the development of critical thinking skills about digital culture, which are crucial for developing innovations based on ethical foundations.

Comparative Study of Consciousness in Baruch Spinoza and Shankaracharya

Anon Phasuk — 2025-06-29

This research article aims to compare the metaphysical meanings and characteristics of consciousness in the philosophies of Baruch Spinoza and Sankaracarya through qualitative research methods, utilizing textual analysis and related studies.The study finds that consciousness, according to Spinoza, is the mind or the God’s ideas, which constitutes the attribute of thought of God or substance. All ideas exist within the thought of God and are correlated through a causal chain system known as the “ideas of idea.” Spinoza’s concept of consciousness can be categorized into three levels: divine consciousness, individual consciousness, and particular consciousness. This means that all entities possess consciousness, which exists according to the principle of causal necessity. In contrast, Sankaracarya’s concept of consciousness refers to the ultimate reality that transcends causality, space, and time and is unchange. Consciousness in Sankaracarya’s philosophy is divided into three levels: Brahman, Atman, and Jiva. These three levels are fundamentally one and exist in everything. This research article concludes that the meanings and characteristics of consciousness in the metaphysical perspectives of Spinoza and Sankaracarya differ. Spinoza defines consciousness as mode expressed through the attribute of thought of substance or God, while Sankaracarya asserts that consciousness is the ultimate reality and the essence of all existence. Nonetheless, both philosophers regard consciousness as possessing characteristics that pervade all existence—Spinoza reasoned that this is because all things are in God, and Sankaracarya reasoned that this is because Brahman is in all things. Thus, consciousness pervades all existence.

Concept of Non-duality in Zen Philosophy as Present in The Aesthetics of Yugen

Jaruwit Usamakornkul — 2025-06-29

The article concept of Non-duality in Zen philosophy as present in the aesthetics of Yugen is one part of the research on Concept of Nonduality in Japanese Zen Aesthetics. The objectives of this article are 1) to study the meaning of non-duality in Zen philosophy, and 2) to analyze non-duality concepts through Yugen aesthetics. The methodology used documentary research methods to explore relationships related to the concept of non-duality in Zen Philosophy.

The results indicated that the concept of Non-duality in Zen philosophy is a state of transcending dualistic conceptualizations. It aims to reveal the absence of self and the liberation from attachment, reflecting the understanding that all things are empty and unified as one. As a result, the perception of reality is manifested as non-attachment and the recognition of the intrinsic nature of all that appears. The Aesthetics of Yugen is an awareness of boundlessness that embodies the beauty of mystery, ambiguity, subtlety, and profound depth, transcending explicit definitions and interpretations. This aligns with the concept of non-dualism that appears in Yugen aesthetics as follows: 1) Rejects system of thought, language, and reason. 2) Unbound by form and rules. 3) Emphasize the beauty of nature and embracing infinite possibilities. 4) Transcending Duality which Finally, The Aesthetics of Yugen can elevate an individual's awareness toward enlightenment, transcending systems of reason, conceptual frameworks, and logic that impose binary judgments of duality, as there are no longer any constraints that seek to define true aesthetics and authentic experience.

Analysis of the Patterns and Inscriptions of Buddha Image Board (Phra Phaeng Maii) in Lampang Province Using Semiotic Theory

sirisak apisakmontree — 2025-06-29

This article is part of the research on Buddha Image Board (Phra Phaeng Maii): Creation and Conservation Processes. This research used a mixed-method research method consisting of 1) documentary research, 2) fieldwork to collect material data and interview people, and 3) action research. For this article, the objective is to analyze the symbols appearing Lanna Buddha Image Board (Phra Phaeng Maii) in Lampang Province according to the symbolism concept of Charles Sanders Peirce. Study on the issues of similar forms, indicator forms and symbolic forms, the indicative pattern and the symbolic form. The conclusion is as follows: Lanna Buddha Image Board (Phra Phaeng Maii) are panels of wood that are decorated with Buddha images in an orderly manner. In Lampang Province, there were 69 panels found, 16 of which were inscribed. They were built from the beginning of the 22nd - 26th Buddhist century. The study found that the most popular style of castle-shaped arches was the wooden panel Buddha images, which were also found in the form of ancient arches, frame-shaped arches, front-shaped arches, and palace-shaped arches. The result of the analysis according to 1) the semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce can be concluded that there are 2 types of similar forms: 1.1) Buddha amulets use symbolic forms of the Buddha and 1.2) wooden panels for decorating Buddha amulets, which convey the Buddha’s residence. 2) The indicative pattern appears in the decoration of many Buddha images on wooden panels, conveying the stories of the many Buddhas of the past. 3) The symbolic form appears in the wishes at the end of the inscription, reflecting the beliefs about Sri Ariya Maitreya (the second disciple), dedicating merit to the gods, Indra, Brahma, Mother Earth, reaching nirvana, dedicating to the deceased, and the three kinds of happiness.

Editorial Note

Assistant Professor Dr. Piyamas Jaifai — 2025-06-29

Panidhana Journal: Journal of Philosophy and Religion
Department of Philosophy and Religion, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University.
Vol. 21 No. 1 (January - June) 2025

ISSN: 2985-2919 (Online)

Book Reviews: The Posthuman by Rosi Braidotti

Pattarapol Pengwat — 2025-06-29

ท่ามกลางสถานการณ์วิกฤตที่เกิดขึ้นทั่วโลก ไม่ว่าจะเป็นเหตุการณ์สารพิษที่ปนเปื้อนในแม่น้ำกก ที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อชีวิตทุกชีวิตที่อาศัยและดำรงชีพจากน้ำกก ในแง่นี้รวมถึงพืช สัตว์ และสิ่งมีชีวิตอินทรีย์อื่น ๆ ปรากฏการณ์การเข้ามาท้าทายบทบาทของมนุษย์ในอุตสาหกรรมแรงงานทั่วโลกโดยปัญญาประดิษฐ์ที่ถูกพัฒนาจนผู้นำทางเทคโนโลยีลงความเห็นว่าควรชะงัดการพัฒนาปัญญาประดิษฐ์ไปก่อนด้วยความกลัวว่าจะเกิดความสำนึกที่ทัดเทียมมนุษย์ รวมถึงภาวะสงครามและสถานการณ์ที่มีแนวโน้มนำไปสู่การเกิดสงครามที่เกิดขึ้นเกือบทุกมุมโลก รัสเซีย-ยูเครน อิสราเอล-ปาเลสไตน์ ปากีสถาน-อินเดีย หรือแม้กระทั่ง ไทยและกัมพูชา ตัวอย่างของวิกฤตการณ์เหล่านี้ล้วนเกิดขึ้นมาจากการมองเห็นแบบแยกขาดระหว่างความเป็นฉัน และ ความเป็นคนอื่น/ผู้อื่น ที่เป็นผลผลิตจากความคิดแบบทวิภาวะ มุมมองเช่นนี้ส่งผลทั้งด้านเศรษฐกิจ การเมือง และสังคมอย่างเห็นได้ชัด ทางออกหนึ่งที่จะแก้ไขมุมมองหรือปรับเปลี่ยนการรับรู้แบบทวิภาวะได้ คือ การมุ่งเข้าไปทำความเข้าใจภาวะความหลากหลายที่ถูกเสนอไว้ภายใต้กรอบคิดแบบหลังมนุษยนิยม ดังนั้นคงไม่ช้าไปที่จะเอื้อมหยิบหนังสือวิชาการชิ้นสำคัญอย่าง The Posthuman โดยโรซี่ ไบรดอตติ (Rosi Braidotti)
มาปริทัศน์และวิจารณ์ในเชิงวิชาการ หนังสือเล่มนี้เป็นงานชิ้นโดดเด่นเล่มหนึ่งที่แสดงให้เห็นภาพรวมของแนวคิดหลังมนุษยนิยม ในบทวิจารณ์ชิ้นนี้ ผู้เขียนใช้หนังสือฉบับตีพิมพ์ครั้งที่ 1 ปี ค.ศ. 2013 สำนักพิมพ์ Polity Press จำนวนหน้าทั้งสิ้น 229 หน้า

Author Guideline

Assistant Professor Dr. Piyamas Jaifai — 2025-06-29

Robocop’s cognition: The Analysis of Robocop’s existence through Perspectives of Extended Cognition

Pattarapol Pengwat — 2025-06-29

This article aims at a philosophical analysis using Extended Cognition to analyze the RoboCop’s existence in the Film RoboCop (2014). I begin this article by demonstrating the influence of technology on humans in the current age. I have presented the brief story of the existence of Murphy, the protagonist who has been modified body through technological techniques. It made him exist in a body that is a combination of a biological body and a robotic body and is controlled by an AI program. Then, I presented the debate on consciousness and self between Daniel Dennett’s proposal and Hubert Dreyfus’s proposal and some interesting arguments from Alva Noë. Lastly, I offered a different perspective, that is, if we use the lens of Extended Cognition to analyze RoboCop’s existence. It reveals that Murphy is not the same person as Murphy who is unmodified. Moreover, Murphy’s selfhood did not exist originally. Murphy has been the existence of soft selves that are prepared to transfigure and combine the nonbiological and biological bodily elements dynamically. On the one hand, it might be said that Murphy’s existence is a temporary self that was Murphy as a person, Murphy was RoboCop and Murphy can exist in different forms of altered existence in case Murphy is combined with other types of new technology in the future.

Art: Truth, Goodness and Beauty

Wanwisa Chaiyo — 2025-06-29

This article examines the interrelationship between art, truth, goodness, and beauty, with the aim of fostering a deeper awareness of the role of art in shaping human life and well-being. The findings indicate that art enables individuals to access truth through an authentic perception of the world and life as they truly are. In relation to goodness, art functions as a moral instrument that nurtures ethical awareness and promotes virtuous character. Concerning beauty, art possesses intrinsic value and exists not as a means to serve external purposes but as an end in itself, created for the appreciation of beauty and aesthetic enjoyment. However, understanding art requires a perspective that transcends any singular value framework. A multidimensional approach is necessary to grasp the full significance of artistic expression. Ultimately, art serves as a bridge that unifies truth, goodness, and beauty into an integrated whole, thereby enriching both the individual and the broader cultural context.

Advantages and risks of using ChatGPT for access to the Tripitaka

sophon Tiensri — 2025-06-29

This academic article aims to study and explain the advantages and risks of using ChatGPT for accessing the Tripitaka. The author has presented three advantages: The first advantage is to use it as a tool for propagating Dhamma teachings that is easily accessible and not limited in time. The restriction risks based on the misapplication of distorted information in the Tipiṭaka may cause the dissemination of false information which is considered extremely dangerous to Buddhism. The second advantage Connecting to various data platforms in real time. The final risk-benefit advantage is ChatGPT’s ability to learn and imitate natural language behavior like humans. But there are still things that ChatGPT can’t in accessing the Tipiṭaka with the true truth in Dhamma principles, what is good and what is evil? What are the things you should or shouldn’t do? And including what is the highest goal in Buddhism, therefore, the advantages are based on the risks with the intentions of ChatGPT users, artificial intelligence. Which must be accepted that there are both advantages and disadvantages. To find the middle ground between artificial intelligence and access to the true wisdom contained in the Tripitaka.

A Study and Analysis of the Explanation of Hasituppāda Citta in Theravāda Buddhist Scriptures

Phramaha Waichanin Meesuwan — 2025-06-29

This article aims to study the origin and context of Hasituppāda-citta, or “the consciousness that gives rise to a smile,” a concept found in the later Abhidhamma literature, particularly in the commentarial texts (Aṭṭhakathā). The objectives are: (1) to highlight the conceptual shift and terminological development concerning the act of smiling by arahants and the Buddha in Theravāda Buddhism; (2) to analyze the etymology and meaning of the term Hasituppāda-citta, both in its morphological form and canonical context; (3) to compare the idea of “the smile of arahants and the Buddha” as found in the Tipiṭaka with the explanations in the commentaries and the Nāṭyaśāstra; and (4) to illustrate the development of thought regarding untainted consciousness, particularly the Hasituppāda-citta, which is described as a rootless (ahetuka) consciousness of an arahant that produces a pure smile.

This study employs documentary research, examining the Pāli Tipiṭaka, commentarial literature, the Subodhalankāra, as well as Sanskrit texts such as Bharata’s Nāṭyaśāstra and later rhetorical literature. The research compares the usage of the terms sita and hasita in explaining the smile of the Buddha and arahants, and synthesizes academic assumptions regarding the background that may have influenced the conceptuali- zation of Hasituppāda-citta. This study reveals the dynamic development of Abhidhamma thought in the post-canonical era, the influence of Sanskrit literature on Pāli texts, and a more systematic interpretation of spiritual phenomena among arahants within the Abhidhamma tradition.

The Concept of Qi in the Dao De Jing

Wanassanant Kunphon — 2025-06-29

This article aims to study the concept of Qi as a metaphysical concept that uses to explain the existence of the world and all things, especially the Taoist philosophy in the Dao De Jing, which views the Way (Dao) to reach the truth of the world and all things as the great way of nature. It was believed that all things originate and operate in the universe. In other words, it believes that for humans to live in harmony with the great Dao, they must understand the truth of the way of nature and the relationship between humans and the world. Not only the concept of Qi can explain the operation of the world and all things, it also plays a part in interpreting the system of the world, meanings and symbols of Taoism, which are unity. In order to show the relationship and compare the concepts of Laozi with other related concepts more clearly. This article will study the concept of Qi or Ch’i from the context of the Dao De Jing, and will present the opinions of scholars on this concept, including the author’s own views.