Sarasatr: Journal of Architecture and Design

Physical Development of Maha Chulalongkorn Building

2026-05-28T13:21:48+07:00

This research aims to investigate the physical development of the Maha Chulalongkorn Building, the first administrative and academic building of Chulalongkorn University. The study focuses on analyzing factors and issues affecting the building’s physical characteristics in terms of architecture, structure, and related building systems. Data were collected through interviews, documentary research, and field surveys, and subsequently analyzed and synthesized into a three-dimensional model to illustrate physical changes over different periods.

The findings indicate that the physical development of the Maha Chulalongkorn Building can be divided into three major phases. The first phase, the construction period (1914–1919), was influenced by design requirements emphasizing a new form of Thai architecture that is fire-resistant and cost-efficient. As a result, the building features Thai architectural characteristics influenced by Sukhothai art, a two-story reinforced concrete structure, a Western layout, the use of precast components, and the integration of building systems into the architectural design.

The second phase, renovation in 1996, was driven by structural settlement caused by the decline of groundwater levels in Bangkok due to excessive groundwater extraction. This led to settlement of the floating foundation system and damage to building components. In addition, functional changes from classrooms to meeting and ceremonial spaces required modifications, including the replacement of the foundation system with bored piles, structural repairs, the addition of restrooms, and the installation of an air-cooled chiller system.

The third phase, renovation in 2023, aimed to enhance the efficiency of meeting and ceremonial spaces and improve accessibility for elderly and disabled users. Renovations included the installation of new ceiling systems to accommodate mechanical, electrical, communication, and sanitary systems, as well as the addition of restrooms, elevators, and ramps. The overall architectural elements were also improved.

This study provides a significant database that enhances the understanding of the building’s physical development across different periods, contributing to architectural conservation and future architectural design studies.

Morphological Diversity of Thai Stupas: Developing a Synthetic Process through Modular Systems and Shape Grammar

2026-06-17T16:23:04+07:00

This research focuses on the "form-generating system" of Thai stupa architecture, aiming to expand the field of study from traditional art history toward the development of systematic design tools. The primary objectives are to analyze morphological structures and establish a standardized system of Modular Units capable of systematic synthesis into novel forms. Adopting a Design-Based Research methodology, this study conducts morphological experiments on six primary stupa typologies: The Bell-shaped Stupa (Chedi Song-RaKhang), The Prang-style Stupa (Phra Prang or Corn-shaped tower), The Prasat-style Stupa (Castle-style or Tiered-tower), The Lotus-bud Stupa (Phum Khao Bin), The Square Lotus Stupa (Bua-Liam), and The Ornate Stupa (Song-Krueang). The findings reveal that the Thai stupa can be defined as a vertical structure with a fixed hierarchical sequence of five constituent levels: 1) Lower Section, 2) Lower-Middle Transition, 3) Middle Section, 4) Middle-Upper Transition, and 5) Upper Section. By standardizing cross-sectional coordinates and interface points under Shape Grammar rules, the study demonstrates the generative potential of 7,776 unique variations (6⁵) while maintaining complete structural identity.Through Silhouette Analysis, the researcher identified three core "formal logics" acting as critical morphological variables: 1) Silhouette Directionality, 2) Silhouette Continuity, and 3) The Positioning of Inflection Points. The analysis of silhouette profiles reveals that new variations can be generated through the systematic permutation of components across five levels. By alternating between 3 lower section types, 3 lower-middle transition types, 4 middle section types, 3 middle-upper transition types, and 4 upper section types, a total of 432 unique morphological variations (3x3x4x3x4) can be synthesized. The contribution of this research lies in the proposal of a design tool that shifts the perspective of Thai architecture from traditional stylistic reproduction toward Generative Design, providing a robust, logical, and verifiable foundation for both pedagogical applications and Thai architectural creation.

The Architectural Design in the Reign of Phrabat Somdet Phra Nangklao Chao Yu Hua: A Case Study of Wat Ratcha-Orasaram, Wat Nang and Wat Nangnong

2026-05-26T15:37:17+07:00

This research aims to find the creative design concepts that led to the architectural appearance of the temples renovated by King Rama III which are situated along Klong Dan canal. Wat Ratcha-Orasaram, Wat Nang, and Wat Nangnong, the case studies of the research, served as a prototype for other temples in the same period. The scope of the research includes buildings within the Buddhawat area, such as Ubosot, Vihara, Stupa, Sermon hall, and various auxiliary buildings. The methods for collecting data include interviews, field surveys, and documentary sources. The study was carried out through the analysis of the architectural design process in floor plan systems, architectural styles, functionality, materials, and decorations.

Newly found concepts in layout systems are a new axial system that enhances the subunit of the layout, and an enclosure design which creates spatial continuity. Architectural styles, the creative design concepts reflected an influence of Chinese and Western art on boundary stone shelters, and new forms of stupas. Materials and decorations, for durability reasons, applied a mother-of-pearl inlay technique on the entire surface of the doors. Moreover, the creative design concepts also consist of using the main theme, Phra Maha Chakrapatara, which harmonized the design of the Buddha image and mural painting in the interior space.

The Four Holy Places of Buddhism in the Isan Local Artisan Tradition: A Case Study of Wat Latthikkawan, Wan Yai District, Mukdahan Province

2026-03-10T09:33:34+07:00

The Four Holy Places of Buddhism—Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Kushinagar—are sacred sites marking the Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, first sermon, and parinirvana. In northeastern Thailand (Isan), these places are interpreted through local wisdom and context, producing distinctive regional forms. This study examines the design concept of the Four Holy Places in the Isan local artisan tradition at Wat Latthikkawan, Wan Yai District, Mukdahan Province, because it is a Buddhist site with complete replicas and is believed to contain the oldest stucco example of this tradition in the region. The work is attributed to Phra Khru Bu Nantavaro, a key figure in Isan art. Using documentary research, field survey, and physical documentation, the study analyzes spatial composition, sculptural forms, and architecture in conveying Buddhist doctrine and devotion.

Findings show a spatial sequence linked to the Buddha’s life narrative, evoking reflection. The arrangement moves from open to enclosed spaces, beginning with freestanding outdoor sculptures integrated with the natural landscape and later developing into roofed structures for conservation. These features reflect the Isan artisan tradition: creative autonomy, blending folk art with Buddhist art, and sculpture as a medium for doctrine and faith. Thus, Wat Latthikkawan is both a symbolic religious site and a learning space for Buddhist site design.

The Role and Evolution of Women Architects in the Architectural Profession

2026-01-20T09:17:12+07:00

This article aims to investigate the roles and evolution of female architects within the architectural profession in the Western world by examining their conceptual frameworks, architectural outputs, and broader influences. The study synthesizes and analyzes data from historical and contemporary documents, research papers, articles, and literature pertaining to the professional evolution of women architects.

The findings reveal that the role of female architects has evolved from nineteenth-century pioneers—who contended with systemic gender exclusion to access education and practice—to influential figures during the Modernist and Postmodernist eras, such as Eileen Gray, Lilly Reich, and Denise Scott Brown. Nevertheless, these practitioners encountered significant structural obstacles, including gender discrimination within academic curricula, restricted educational scopes, and institutional marginalization, all of which resulted in a prolonged delay in professional recognition.

Furthermore, this study analyzes the collaborative dynamics of architectural partnerships, including Charles and Ray Eames, Alison and Peter Smithson, and Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. These cases demonstrate that the authentic roles of female architects as creative catalysts have frequently been diminished or overlooked within a male-centric architectural historiography, despite their fundamental contributions to acclaimed works. Ultimately, the concepts and theories advanced by female architects have been instrumental in expanding the boundaries of the profession toward more profound social, cultural, and humanistic dimensions.

Improving Eco-Efficiency of the Pharmaceutical Warehouse by Using High-Performance Building Envelope

2026-02-16T13:57:41+07:00

The research aims to explore strategies for enhancing energy efficiency in temperature-controlled pharmaceutical warehouse buildings. It further conducts a comparative evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of building envelope materials in terms of their energy performance. Using a state enterprise warehouse in Bangkok as a base case, the study simulated (using DesignBuilder software) the building's total energy consumption across 132 scenarios using three material strategy groups: Group A. Mass Wall, Group B. Insulated Wall, and Group C. Mass with Insulated Wall. The ultimate goal is to establish practical guidelines for material selection and to identify key influencing factors that improve building energy efficiency through building envelope modifications, with a particular emphasis on eco-efficiency suitable for temperature-controlled pharmaceutical warehouse buildings.

The results of the 20-year building energy simulation indicate that Case C, Mass with Insulated Wall, provides the best overall performance in terms of both energy savings and economic cost-effectiveness for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Specifically, the lightweight concrete block wall combined with internal insulation using 6-inch-thick PIR insulation and a solar absorptance value of 0.3 was identified as the optimal measure when compared to the reference building.

This measure achieved the highest GHG emission reduction of 92,617.07 kgCO₂e, equivalent to a reduction of 23.90%, while also resulting in a reduction in life-cycle cost of –362,109.40 THB, or –0.09%. The net marginal abatement cost of GHG emission reduction was 3,415.50 THB per kgCO₂e relative to the reference building.

Optimal Design of Bio Walls for Reducing Air Pollution: A Case Study of Kasetsart University

2026-03-23T22:28:05+07:00

Air pollution is a critical issue in large urban areas, particularly in zones with high traffic density, where particulate matter and gaseous pollutants tend to accumulate. This study aims to investigate optimal bio wall design configurations for mitigating air pollution within Kasetsart University. The study integrates ENVI-met simulations with field measurement data to analyze the effects of plant species, installation configurations, and different coverage ratios on the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Three bio wall configurations were simulated: planting at pedestrian level, horizontal planting along building floors, and segmented vertical planting. Coverage ratios of 25%, 50%, and 75% of the building frontage were examined, and three plant species were selected to represent 3 difference Leaf Area Index (LAI): Phaseolus vulgaris, Thunbergia grandiflora, and Pandorea jasminoides Variegated.

The results indicate that bio walls can reduce particulate matter concentrations in all cases compared to the baseline condition; however, the reduction does not increase proportionally with greater coverage. The vertical strip configuration, particularly with Pandorea jasminoides Variegated demonstrated the highest reduction efficiency for PM2.5 and PM10, achieving nearly a 20% decrease, while Thunbergia grandiflora under the same configuration yielded comparable performance. In contrast, CO₂ reduction did not differ significantly among plant species. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of bio walls in mitigating air pollution is more strongly influenced by the interaction between airflow patterns and plant structure than by the extent of vegetative coverage alone.

Investment Feasibility and WELL v2 Air Quality Design for Affordable Multifamily Housing in Lat Krabang, Bangkok

2026-05-14T15:18:07+07:00

This study examines the investment feasibility and air-quality design approach of the WELL Building Standard version 2 (WELL v2) Air concept for economy-class multifamily residential buildings in Lat Krabang, Bangkok. While WELL v2 has been widely applied to middle- and upper-class residential developments, its adoption in economy-class housing remains largely unexplored.

The study followed a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design comprising four stages: (1) a matrix analysis of the alignment among WELL v2, LEED v4.1, and TREES-NC v2.0; (2) an incremental-cost assessment of WELL v2 Air features A01–A14 using a simulated residential project; (3) a financial feasibility analysis comparing three investment scenarios; and (4) validation by 30 experts using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), and the Delphi technique.

Results show that WELL v2 Air criteria align with LEED v4.1 and TREES-NC v2.0 at 58% overall, rising to 88% within the Air category specifically. Incremental costs for features A01–A14 ranged from 1,168,000 baht (0.84% of construction cost, best case) to 5,813,000 baht (4.18%, worst case). Financial analysis showed that full implementation (Scenario B) yielded a net profit margin of 16.6–17.9% and a WELL return on investment of 79–255%, while selective implementation of the most cost-effective features (Scenario C) yielded a net profit margin of 17.6–18.1% and a return on investment of 175–315%—both exceeding the baseline scenario and the minimum acceptable profit margins of 15.3% and 15.0%, respectively. Experts weighted cost, health benefit, and technical feasibility relatively evenly, at 34.7%, 33.7%, and 31.7%, respectively, and recommended prioritizing features A06, A08, A10, A11, A04 Part 2, and A13, while deeming A07 unsuitable for sites near industrial estates.

The findings indicate that applying WELL v2 Air criteria to economy-class multifamily housing is both financially and technically feasible, particularly when integrated from the design stage. The study recommends policy support, such as a Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Bonus, to encourage broader adoption of the standard.

The Evolution of Resident Participation in Waste Management in Condominium Developments: A Case Study of Lumpini Place Pinklao

2026-02-16T15:06:07+07:00

This study examines the evolution of waste management approaches through resident participation across different development periods of the Lumpini Place Pinklao condominium project under L.P.N. Development Public Company Limited. The analysis is structured into three distinct phases: the initial phase (30 years), the intermediate phase (20 years), and the current phase (10 years), with the primary objective of exploring the longitudinal relationship between levels of resident participation and waste management outcomes. A mixed-methods research design was employed to ensure data triangulation. Qualitative data were collected through document reviews, field observations, and in-depth interviews with key informants, including senior corporate management, members of the condominium juristic person committee, and project managers. Quantitative data were obtained from questionnaire surveys administered to project residents and subsequently analyzed using statistical methods.

The analytical framework was grounded in Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation and the concept of Community-Based Environmental Management (CBEM). The findings reveal a clear progression in practices: the initial phase focused on cleanliness and hygiene with responsibilities concentrated among juristic persons. The intermediate phase emphasized communication and environmental awareness, leading to increased resident involvement. In the current phase, waste management has become highly systematic, incorporating user-friendly system design, innovations, and incentive mechanisms. The study concludes that advancing from symbolic involvement toward meaningful engagement requires strengthening learning processes and providing opportunities for residents to take active roles, which are essential for the long-term sustainability of condominium communities.

Model for Reducing Minimum Plot Size Requirements under Land Subdivision Law: Legal Compatibility and Land Use Efficiency Assessment

2026-07-06T08:41:15+07:00

Rising land prices and limited land availability in Bangkok’s inner urban areas have constrained residential development by increasing development costs and restricting land utilization. At the same time, the minimum plot size requirements under Thailand’s land subdivision regulations may not correspond to the development potential of high-density urban areas where high Floor Area Ratio (FAR) allowances apply. This study examines the feasibility of reducing the minimum plot size for micro-subdivision developments by evaluating its impacts on land utilization, building floor area, and development costs within the framework of land subdivision law, building control law, and comprehensive urban planning regulations.

The research employs comparative development models with different plot sizes and building configurations to analyze the relationships among plot size, FAR, usable floor area, and development costs. The findings indicate that reducing the minimum plot size is feasible under existing legal requirements when accompanied by appropriate building design adjustments, particularly through increasing building height while maintaining a comparable amount of usable floor area to the case study project. Smaller plot sizes also reduce land costs per housing unit and improve land-use efficiency by better aligning development with the FAR provisions and urban planning regulations, especially in high-density urban areas.

The study suggests that minimum plot size requirements should be determined in conjunction with land-use potential under urban planning and building control regulations rather than by plot dimensions alone. The findings provide evidence to support the revision of land subdivision criteria to better reflect contemporary urban development conditions, promote more efficient land utilization, and improve housing accessibility in urban areas.

Business Diversification Strategies of Mid-Sized Real Estate Development Companies Listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand in the Post-Covid-19 Period from 2020 to 2024

2026-04-01T09:07:06+07:00

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted Thailand’s real estate sector, prompting developers to diversify their businesses to reduce reliance on a single core revenue source. This study examines the diversification strategies of mid-sized real estate companies listed on SET during 2020–2024. Data were collected from annual reports and consolidated financial statements of eight firms and analyzed using content analysis of business operations and diversification structures.

The findings indicate that 1) medium-sized companies can be categorized into three groups based on their level of business diversification: those highly reliant on their core business, those with a dominant core business but beginning to diversify, and those that are highly diversified. Despite diversification efforts, all companies retain their core focus on residential real estate development while expanding into related and unrelated activities to support revenue continuity. 2) Companies with high reliance on their core business generate the majority of their revenue from core activities, whereas highly diversified firms exhibit more varied revenue structures, ranging from moderate to low dependence on core income. 3) Companies that maintain a strong focus on their core business tend to achieve higher gross and net profit margins, while excessive diversification may weaken performance stability despite increasing revenue diversity.

Overall, although 75% of companies have adopted diversification to enhance revenue flexibility, companies maintaining specialization in their core business demonstrate superior profitability and financial stability. Key findings indicate that maintaining a 70% core revenue threshold reduces performance volatility. Ultimately, diversification success heavily depends on cost efficiency and overall portfolio complexity.

Joint Venture Models of Real Estate Companies Listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand: Case Studies of Sansiri Public Company Limited and Origin Property Public Company Limited

2026-05-14T07:51:07+07:00

Joint ventures are a key strategic approach used by real estate development companies to manage risks and enhance competitiveness. This study examines the joint venture practices of Sansiri PCL and Origin Property PCL during 2020–2024. Data were collected from the companies’ 56-1 One Report disclosures and in-depth interviews with executives, and a comparative analysis was conducted on joint venture policies, structures, key decision-making factors, and the advantages and limitations of such collaborations.

The findings reveal that: 1) Joint venture policy: Sansiri adopts a selective partnership approach by collaborating with specialized partners to enhance project quality and corporate image, whereas Origin utilizes joint ventures as a proactive strategy for business expansion, with an average joint venture activity of approximately 70% per year. 2) Joint venture structure: Both companies typically hold equity stakes of approximately 50–51%. Most joint ventures are formed with domestic partners, while international collaborations are mainly with Japanese firms, focusing primarily on condominium development, followed by housing projects. 3) Key decision-making factors: The most critical factors include trust, transparency, and good corporate governance, followed by equity structure and alignment of strategic objectives. Sansiri emphasizes governance and control, while Origin prioritizes knowledge transfer, technological exchange, and international expansion. 4) Advantages and limitations: Joint ventures reduce investment burdens, share risks, and improve access to partners’ resources. However, challenges such as management complexity, cultural differences, and decision-making conflicts may affect long-term project performance.

Causal Relationship Analysis of Factors Affecting the Success of the Residential Real Estate Business to Support the Aging Society According to the New Way of Life Using Structural Equation Model

2026-05-20T09:22:00+07:00

This study aimed to analyze the structural relationships among factors affecting the success of
the residential real estate business to support the aging society according to the new way of life using a partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. Data were collected using questionnaires administered to 440 elderly respondents who had purchased residences in elderly-oriented housing projects, or to individuals influencing the purchase decisions of elderly buyers in such projects. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and PLS-SEM. The results revealed that the factors significantly affecting the success of the residential real estate business to support the aging society according to the new way of life at the 0.05 significance level were location factors, and financial and ownership structure factors, with total effects of 0.227 and 0.130, respectively. In contrast, housing design and environmental factors, and service and amenity factors were found to have no significant total effect on the success of elderly residential real estate businesses at the 0.05 significance level. Furthermore, the results of the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis revealed that the model demonstrated a low level of explanatory power for business success factors (Adjusted R² = 0.083), indicating that the success of the residential real estate business to support the aging society according to the new way of life may also be influenced by additional factors beyond those examined in this study.

Factors Driving Consumers’ Choice of Pet-Friendly Shopping Centers: An Empirical Evidence from the Bangkok Metropolitan Region

2026-04-27T09:54:51+07:00

This study aims to examine the factors affecting the decision to utilize pet-friendly shopping malls among a sample group who had previously brought their pets to visit at pet-friendly shopping centers within the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Data were collected via online questionnaires, yielding a total of 400 completed sets. The statistics employed for data analysis included frequency distribution, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Multiple Linear Regression analysis.

The descriptive analysis results of demographic factors and consumer behavior revealed that the majority of the sample group were working-age females with moderate to relatively high-income levels, and exhibited behaviors aligned with the trend of Pet Humanization to fulfill emotional values, which reflects the lifestyle of urban dwellers who tend to adapt and possess willingness to spend for their pets. Meanwhile, regarding the study of shopping centers component factors, it was found that the physical mall factors and the service and pet-friendly practice factors had a statistically significant positive influence on consumers’ decisions. Among these, physical mall factors exerted the strongest influence, followed by service and pet-friendly practice factors. In contrast, environmental and atmospheric factors were not found to have a statistically significant effect in the model.

The findings of this study indicate that the appropriateness of physical infrastructure and pet-friendly services are crucial in addressing shared space utilization and supporting consumer decision-making to use the services. This data can be applied to strategy formulation to increase the competitive advantage of businesses, by focusing the development of the physical environment together with elevating pet-related services and management to satisfy consumer demands in a market with a growth trend driven by the trend of Pet Humanization.

Guidelines for Physical Development of Urban Agricultural Areas to Promote Quality of Life for Residents in the Baan Mankong Community: A Case Study of the KSB. Pattana Baan Mankong Community, Lat Phrao Canal Banks, Sai Mai District, Bangkok

2026-03-16T09:11:10+07:00

Urban expansion has reduced green spaces, negatively impacting residents' quality of life, particularly in Bangkok's low-income communities where urban agriculture surged during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research examines the physical development process of agricultural areas and analyzes pre- and post-development changes in residents' quality of life in the KSB. Pattana Baan Mankong Community, Sai Mai District, Bangkok. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected via secondary sources, physical surveys, in-depth interviews, and rating-scale questionnaires from two groups: residents who participated in the community's agricultural development and those who did not.

Results revealed that the development process was fundamentally driven by community participation, resulting in excellent accessibility and spatial allocation. The overall physical assessment scored highly (4.68); however, recreational usage received the lowest score (3.94). Post-development quality of life improved significantly across all dimensions (average increase of 1.96). The environmental aspect exhibited the highest positive change (2.82), followed by physical, mental, and intellectual health (2.07), social (1.72), and economic (1.21) dimensions. Comparatively, participants reported greater improvements in most aspects than non-participants, except in the social dimension, where non-participants perceived a significantly higher positive impact. These findings prompt recommendations for optimizing space utilization and upgrading infrastructure, centering on the needs of the elderly and communal activities.

Stakeholder Analysis of Traditional House Owners for Community Enterprise-Based Housing Renovation: A Case Study of Ban Khrua, Bangkok

2026-04-02T11:42:50+07:00

The Ban Khrua community is a historic Muslim settlement in central Bangkok rich in cultural assets, with traditional houses being among its most significant heritage. Currently, these structures are deteriorating and lack concrete renovation guidelines. Consequently, community members and stakeholders have reached a consensus to develop a community enterprise to facilitate the restoration of these traditional houses and clusters. This research aims to analyze house owners as the most critical stakeholders using qualitative methodology through in-depth interviews with five case-study owners. Data were analyzed using the Stakeholder Salience Model and the Power/Interest Matrix.

Findings reveal that four out of five owners intend to renovate their houses for residential use and income generation, such as silk weaving learning centers, restaurants, and tourist accommodations, despite facing budget constraints and inconsistent government support. Stakeholder analysis categorizes owners into three groups: 1) Strategic Core (House No. 4), possessing the highest power, legitimacy, and interest; 2) Strategic Allies (Houses No. 2, 3, and 5), who support collective action but have operational and age-related concerns; and 3) Strategic Planners (House No. 1), focusing on risk analysis and cultural capital.

The research suggests utilizing House No. 4 as a showcase to build initial confidence. Simultaneously, it recommends involving socially influential owners as project advisors to foster acceptance and establishing a community enterprise to act as a broker. This entity would connect external resources to address financial constraints and ensure the sustainable, concrete conservation of traditional houses in the historic Ban Khrua district.

Real Estate Development of Bamboo-Built Restaurant: Case Study of Kao Mai Pla Mun Restaurant

2026-04-07T16:28:52+07:00

The restaurant industry represents a significant segment of Thailand’s service economy, accounting for 12.9 percent of total service-sector GDP. In an increasingly competitive market, architectural design has become an important marketing strategy, complementing effective management and service quality. Bamboo has emerged as a popular construction material due to its distinctive characteristics and environmental benefits. This study investigates the physical characteristics and real estate development process of a bamboo-constructed restaurant, using KAO MAI PLA MUN RESTAURANT as a one-case study. Data were collected through site observations, interviews with the owner, and customer interviews, and analyzed across three dimensions: architectural features, the development process, and the advantages and limitations of using bamboo.

The findings indicate that 1) the entrepreneur adopted a personalized development approach that differed from conventional real estate development models yet remained conceptually aligned with major procedural principles; 2) bamboo architecture contributed to a unique visual identity, strengthened customer attraction, and supported business success while generating social and environmental value; and 3) bamboo usage enhanced both investment outcomes and customer experience. However, notable challenges include high construction and material costs, as well as the need for continuous maintenance due to bamboo’s natural deterioration.

Overall, the case demonstrates that the restaurant’s success is rooted in the owner’s experience and strategic use of bamboo architecture as a tool for differentiation. The findings suggest that bamboo can serve as an effective architectural strategy for restaurant development, provided that cost management and maintenance requirements are carefully addressed.

Guidelines for the Management of Land Ownership Documents of Chinese Cemeteries: A Case Study of Katanyu Anusorn Cemetery, Nakhon Pathom

2026-04-22T13:47:45+07:00

Currently, some Chinese cemeteries in Thailand are increasingly abandoned as descendants no longer visit to maintain burial plots or perform traditional rituals. This results in unpaid annual maintenance fees and lack of continuous care. Consequently, cemetery operators face long-term management challenges, as they cannot contact heirs or manage abandoned plots due to concerns over land rights and potential disputes.

A review of ownership documents reveals that most are only receipts issued by cemetery operators, lacking clear details on rights, obligations, and usage conditions. This research aims to develop guidelines for managing cemetery plot ownership documents to ensure legal clarity and compliance, and to propose suitable document formats for Thai-Chinese descendants. The study employs in-depth interviews with cemetery operators, descendants, and legal experts.

The findings identify three models of plot rights: 1) permanent purchase, feasible as co-ownership under the Civil and Commercial Code, involving shared ownership in a single land parcel; 2) long-term lease (30 years) through a registered lease agreement specifying conditions such as usage, transfer, and termination; and 3)columbarium units, which can be provided in both lease and purchase forms. In the case of leasing, it follows the legal framework of real property lease agreements. In the case of purchase, operators may develop condominium-style buildings under the Condominium Act and sell individual units for urn storage. However, this model faces limitations in cost, practicality, and suitability.

Architectural Façade Elements of Wooden and Masonry Shophouses on Ratchadamnoen Road, Old Town Area, Mueang District, Trang Province

2026-04-17T09:50:03+07:00

This research aims to analyze the façade elements of row houses and shophouses along Ratchadamnoen Road in the old town area of Mueang District, Trang Province. A total of 178 buildings were surveyed through fieldwork using physical documentation together with three-dimensional scanning technology to analyze architectural characteristics and evaluate the presence of façade elements.

The research employed a qualitative approach alongside field surveys of 2–3 storey commercial and residential buildings, including timber structures, load-bearing masonry buildings, and reinforced concrete buildings. Data were collected from visible façade elements, including openings, doors, windows, ventilation panels, balconies, arches, stucco ornamentation, pediments or parapets, roof forms, and wall surface materials. A mobile 3D laser scanner (FARO) was used during the documentation process.

The results show that each building type has distinct architectural characteristics reflecting different periods of architectural development. Early Chinese-influenced row houses are generally simple in appearance, while Sino–Western shophouses influenced by Neo-Classical architecture incorporate decorative features such as arches, stucco ornamentation, and balconies. Contemporary and modern Western-influenced shophouses tend to reduce decorative details and emphasize simple forms, contemporary materials, and larger openings. This study proposes a framework for façade element analysis to support the understanding of architectural characteristics and the development of row houses and shophouses in the study area.

The Transformation in Muang Fai Communities of the Ping River Basin Chiang Mai Province (1994–2025)

2026-04-21T15:48:54+07:00

This research examines the transformation of Muang Fai communities in the Ping River Basin, Chiang Mai Province, under the pressures of urbanization and changing livelihoods. It hypothesizes that the decline of the Muang Fai system did not result from structural failure of the weirs themselves, but from broader changes in urban structure and land use. Historically, the Muang Fai system functioned as a community-based mechanism for agricultural water management and as a cornerstone of local social relations. As agricultural land was progressively converted to residential and urban uses, agriculture-based livelihoods declined, leading to the gradual neglect and transformation of the system.

The study employs qualitative methods combined with spatial analysis. Five Muang Fai communities were selected across different land-use contexts defined by the Chiang Mai Comprehensive Plan (2012), representing commercial, low-density residential, medium-density residential, conservation, and agricultural zones. The research analyzes land-use change during 1994–2025, reviews multiple comprehensive plans (1981–2024), and incorporates interviews with community members, water users, and state agencies.

The findings indicate that urbanization and land use change are key factors determining the status of the muang fai system. In commercial and medium-density residential areas, as well as cultural conservation zones, agricultural land and the continuity of lam muang (traditional canals) have significantly declined, while low-density residential and agricultural areas still retain partial use of the system. Urban development has altered spatial structure and lam muang as part of the traditional water network, affecting overall water system functioning more than the presence of muang fai itself. Overall, the transformation of muang fai communities is driven by urban structure, land use change, and water management policies rather than structural limitations of the system.

Local Behavior Change Following the Relocation of Macaques from Urban Conflict Areas: A Case Study of Lopburi Old Town

2026-04-07T16:12:53+07:00

Macaques are both a cultural symbol and a tourist attraction of Lopburi. However, the exponential growth of the macaque population has worsened residents’ quality of life, through property damage, theft, and physical injuries. Residents were forced to adopt various defensive mechanisms, using deterrent devices, avoiding macaque-inhabited routes, minimizing time spent outdoors, and, in extreme cases, relocating away from the area. In 2024, the macaques were relocated from Lopburi Old Town to mitigate these conflicts. This study examines the residents’ behavior change in the area to explore and compare before and after the partial macaque relocation and to provide information for appropriate improvement guidelines, under the premise that the lifestyles of residents in the area have changed significantly following the relocation of macaques.

The findings largely support the hypothesis that residents' behavior changed significantly, evidenced by increased time spent outdoors and decreased avoidance of macaque-inhabited routes, confirmed by the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (N = 100), with p < .001 for both variables at the 95% confidence level. These results indicate an enhanced sense of freedom and perceived safety in public spaces. Furthermore, 95% of participants perceived that relocating the macaques is highly effective in mitigating the human-wildlife coexistence conflict in the urban environment.

Behavior of Travelers Using the On-Demand Electric Tricycle Ride-Sharing Service (MuvMi) in Chulalongkorn University and Its Surrounding Areas

2026-02-20T14:24:15+07:00

MuvMi, an electric three-wheeled vehicle, has been operating since 2017 and has gradually expanded its service areas, particularly in university districts and office zones. As part of the shared mobility system, MuvMi represents an emerging form of public transportation that supports short-distance urban travel. However, existing studies in Thailand have not specifically examined the travel behavior of MuvMi users within the Chula area. This study aims to investigate the travel behavior of MuvMi users and analyze the relationship between service usage behavior and spatial use within the area. The research employed field surveys and questionnaire-based data collection. The study area was divided into three zones based on land use: Academic areas within Chulalongkorn University, Commercial and adjacent areas, and University-leased properties, which serve as service areas and pick-up/drop-off points. After data collection, the data were analyzed to identify the travel behavior of MuvMi users in the study area.

The findings reveal that most users are female, aged 15–30 years, and predominantly students. Key trip purposes include recreational activities, social interaction, and short-distance travel. MuvMi usage demonstrates the characteristics of a community-based transport mode, with higher demand during off-peak and evening periods, reflecting activity-based travel behavior rather than time-constrained commuting. Furthermore, age, occupation, income, and trip purpose are significantly associated with travel behavior, particularly regarding service time, travel day, and travel cost. These results highlight the role of electric tricycles as a flexible, neighborhood-scale mobility option supporting diverse urban activities.

Indoor Environmental Quality of the Food Trailer Prototype to Promote Vendor Health

2026-04-29T09:42:44+07:00

Food trucks are part of the street food sector, which plays an important role in the grassroots economic chain. However, food truck operators are regularly exposed to environmental impacts from roadside conditions, such as heat, particulate matter, and traffic noise. Therefore, food trucks that can mitigate these environmental impacts are essential for vendors. This study aimed to examine environmental changes affecting users and to develop design considerations for mobile food trailers. In addition, the study compared indoor environmental quality between a prototype enclosed food trailer developed in the project and a conventional open-type food trailer used for comparison.

This research employed a field experiment with quantitative data collection. The dependent variables included temperature, relative humidity, PM2.5 concentration, and sound level. The study was conducted along Nakhon In Road near Rama V Bridge, Nonthaburi Province, Thailand. Data were collected over a 14-hour period. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The results indicated that the prototype food trailer provided more suitable indoor environmental conditions than the open-type food trailer used for comparison. The prototype showed a lower average indoor temperature (31.6 °C compared with 36.6 °C), more appropriate relative humidity levels (31.9–66.2% compared with 28.3–70.2%), lower average indoor PM2.5 concentrations (25.0 µg/m³ compared with 27.7 µg/m³), and lower average interior noise levels (81.7 dB(A) compared with 85.9 dB(A)). The findings of this study will contribute to the further development of the food trailer prototype in subsequent project phases.

Design of a Specimen Fixture for Mechanical Property Testing of Timber Column–Beam Joints

2026-03-16T09:19:24+07:00

This research article is part of a thesis entitled Mechanical Testing of 90-Degree Timber Joints in Structural Applications. The objective of this study is to propose a design approach for a specimen holding fixture used in the mechanical testing of timber beam–column joints. The study began with an analysis of the existing fixture system and the operating mechanism of the universal testing machine, followed by a comparison of two fixture arrangement configurations. The investigation focused on the load transfer mechanism and moment distribution acting on the test specimen.

The results indicate that the configuration in which the fixture is attached to the testing machine column is more suitable because it does not obstruct the movement of the loading head and allows easier installation. The upper beam fixture was designed to behave similarly to a hinge joint in order to reduce moment resistance, while the base support was designed based on a modified roller support to restrict horizontal movement. This configuration improves the stability of the testing system and minimizes the influence of the fixture on the experimental results.

The proposed design was fabricated and applied in a beam–column joint testing setup. Dial gauges were installed to measure fixture displacement during testing. The results showed zero displacement in both upper and lower fixtures, indicating that the fixture did not influence the deformation behavior of the specimen and can be effectively applied in timber joint testing.