Sarasatr: Journal of Architecture and Design

Architectural Governance: Quality Control in the Design and Construction of Public Sector Projects

2025-06-16T15:11:18+07:00

This research article aims to analyze the impact of the absence of architectural governance mechanisms on the quality of design and construction in public sector projects and to propose governance-based approaches for improving quality control in architectural works. The study applies five key principles of good governance—transparency, accountability, participation, efficiency, and auditability—integrated with two core architectural frameworks: Architectural Quality Assurance (AQA), which emphasizes the systematic control of design quality, and Building Performance Evaluation (BPE), which focuses on post-occupancy assessment of building performance based on actual user experience. In particular, the research highlights the importance of implementing Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) as a feedback mechanism for long-term quality assurance.

A qualitative research methodology was employed, involving documentary research, analysis of official documents and investigative reports, case studies of both successful and problematic public construction projects, and semi-structured interviews with architects and government project supervisors. The results indicate that public projects incorporating architectural governance practices—such as external design review panels, pre-bid design disclosure, and POE—achieve higher levels of design quality, user satisfaction, and project accountability compared to projects without such mechanisms.

Key policy recommendations include assigning a formal role to professional councils in reviewing Terms of Reference (TOR) and architectural design drafts; requiring POE reports as a prerequisite for the final disbursement of construction budgets; and establishing a centralized governmental unit for architectural quality assurance. These measures aim to foster long-term sustainability, transparency, and public trust in the design and implementation of public sector buildings.

Occupational Stress and Burnout among Architectural Design Professionals due to the Industry’s Nature

2025-06-10T15:21:00+07:00

Occupational stress and burnout among architectural design professionals severely challenge the common prosperity of the whole architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. While the industry's inherent nature and long-standing work practices directly and significantly contribute to this stress, prior literature has not explored this factor in depth. This research, therefore, aims to review the occupational stress and burnout in the design profession that are caused by the characteristics of the AEC industry itself. By literature review and thematic analysis, this research articulates this challenge in three main aspects, i.e., 1) the over-expectation of a design as a cure-all silver bullet, 2) heavy reliance on interdisciplinary knowledge in a temporary, fragmented organization, and 3) physical outcomes constructed by not only designers but construction stakeholders with diverse backgrounds. The results indicate that occupational stress and burnout among architects are not solely personal issues. Rather, it results from the traditional AEC project delivery process, necessitating the industry reinvigoration to resolve and ensure the industry’s promising future.

Construction Operation Guidelines for Environment According to Sustainability of the Listed Real Estate Companies on Stock Exchange of Thailand in 2023

2025-06-10T14:02:27+07:00

The impact of climate change and environmental consequences from the real estate and construction industries necessitates a shift towards sustainable development practices. This research aims to study the environmental sustainability practices during the construction phase of real estate development companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET). These companies are direct operators and consumers of construction materials, with significant carbon dioxide emissions from their construction activities. Data was collected from the 2023 annual reports (Form 56-1 One Report or Sustainability Report) of 12 real estate development companies included in the Thailand Sustainability Investment (THSI) list of the SET in 2023. The study analyzed their operational approaches during construction.

The findings reveal that environmental sustainability practices during construction encompass planning, implementation, monitoring, control, and evaluation, with a strong emphasis on planning and implementation. These practices are categorized into five categories: 1) Environmental Management: clear measures for waste segregation, wastewater management, and pollution control. 2) Resource Efficiency: promoting energy conservation among workers and continuous resource use control. 3) Climate Management: installation of dust control equipment and regular air quality monitoring. 4) Construction Material Quality: prioritizing the use of environmentally friendly construction materials. 5) Biodiversity: establishing policies for environmental conservation and restoration, including the preservation of large trees within construction project areas. However, limitations were observed in the monitoring, control, and evaluation stages for construction material quality and biodiversity aspects.

Diversification of Real Estate Companies in Thailand from 2019 to 2023: A Case Study of Sena Development Public Company Limited

2025-05-14T10:54:00+07:00

Between 2019 and 2023, global uncertainties impacted all sectors, including real estate, which faced multifaceted challenges. Many operators thus had to adapt their business by diversifying to mitigate risks and achieve sustainable growth. This study reveals Sena Development Public Company Limited diversified across eleven categories. This research specifically examines Sena's diversification efforts during 2019–2023. The methodology involved a literature review, data collection from annual reports and interview published online, and interviews with personnel responsible for the Company's diversification. Analysis revealed that Sena's diversification began early, expanding into recurring income businesses in 2008 due to real estate market saturation and external/internal challenges, necessitating continuous investment expansion. During 2019–2023, the company employed various diversification strategies, including related businesses with vertical growth, related businesses with horizontal growth exhibiting operational and market alignment, and unrelated businesses. The primary methods used were self-investment, equity acquisition, and joint ventures. This approach created strong growth opportunities through value chain linkages and leveraging organizational core competencies. However, such diverse business expansion also brought internal operational challenges. This study thus illustrates a Thai real estate developer's adaptation to build long-term stability and growth through strategic adjustments, providing lessons learned from its diversification methods and outcomes.

ESG Strategy Implementation in the Mixed-use Project of Retail, Office, and Hotel: A Case Study of Central Pattana Public Company Limited

2025-05-14T10:43:24+07:00

Amid escalating environmental pressures and stakeholder expectations, ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) strategies have become pivotal in steering real estate businesses toward sustainable practices, particularly in mixed-use developments. This study examines how Central Pattana Public Company Limited (CPN) formulates and implements ESG strategies, focusing on the CentralWorld project. Content and Thematic Analyses were conducted using sustainability reports (2019–2023) and in-depth interviews with executives and project staff.

The findings reveal that effective ESG implementation follows a structured five-stage process: 1) strategic goal formulation, 2) ESG integration into corporate and operational strategies, 3) cascading objectives into actionable, use-specific plans, 4) execution through project management and stakeholder engagement, and 5) performance tracking using measurable indicators, coordinated by the Excellence & Sustainable Development (ESD) unit. While, At the project level, ESG strategies are tailored to each use: retail areas act as hubs for social engagement (S), hotels invest in clean energy and sustainable materials (E), and offices prioritize energy and waste management (E) while promoting stakeholder participation (S).

Strategic ESG initiatives have earned CPN and CentralWorld multiple sustainability awards, with 56% of participants reporting satisfaction. However, challenges remain, including structural constraints, budget limitations, varying tenant cooperation, and internal coordination gaps. This study identifies three key success factors for ESG execution in mixed-use projects: context-specific strategy design, robust tracking systems, and comprehensive stakeholder engagement.

Factors Affecting the Decision to Use 24-Hour Service Areas in Mixed-use Project: A Case Study of Samyan Mitrtown Project

2025-07-14T08:18:53+07:00

Mixed-use developments have gained popularity for their ability to fulfill diverse needs within a single location. This study focuses on Samyan Mitrtown, where certain zones operate 24 hours a day. The research aims to examine users’ socio-economic characteristics, service usage behavior, and key marketing mix (7Ps) factors influencing decisions to use these services. Data were collected from 406 respondents between April 19–28, 2025, during 10:00 PM to 10:00 AM, and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

The results revealed that most respondents were female, aged 20–30, single, and students with a monthly income not exceeding 15,000 baht. They primarily lived within 5 kilometers of the project and traveled less than 30 minutes by taxi or private car. The most frequented area was the 24-hour retail zone, typically used with friends between 10:00 PM and midnight. Co-working spaces were mainly used for studying or working. Saturday was the most preferred day for visits, with an average frequency of 1–2 times per week and spending per visit ranging from 401–600 baht. The researcher ranked the top five marketing mix factors influencing the use of 24-hour service areas. The highest-ranked factor was the direct underground connection to MRT Samyan Station. The second was the availability of a 24-hour Co-Working Space. The third included two equally rated factors: proximity to residences, workplaces, and institutions, and the project’s convenient location. The fifth included two factors: availability of 24-hour restaurants and convenience in purchasing goods and accessing services at all hours.

Parking Utilization Behavior in Samyan Mitrtown Mixed-Use Project

2025-07-14T08:12:00+07:00

The development of mixed-use real estate Samyan Mitrtown projects necessitates the provision of parking facilities in accordance with applicable legal frameworks, particularly Ministerial Regulation No. 7 (B.E. 2517) and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Building Control Regulation (B.E. 2544). Efficient parking allocation requires assessment of actual supply, user behavior across functional areas, and temporal utilization patterns. This study employed a structured methodology, including a literature and legal review, analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports, and evaluation of 556,953 parking usage records classified into five functional areas.

The project provided 1,648 parking spaces, slightly exceeding the legal requirement of 1,638 based on the designated building function areas. The peak average weekday parking utilization occurred at 13:00 hours, reaching 81% of the number of provided parking spaces. During this period, parking demand in office areas declined steadily, while commercial areas usage increased, indicating an inverse usage trend. On weekends, the peak average occurred at 13:00 hours (63%), while on public holidays it peaked at 14:00 hours (57%). Notably, during both weekends and holidays, parking demand in office and commercial areas moved in the same direction—either increasing or decreasing simultaneously.

These findings align with user visitation patterns and highlight the temporal heterogeneity of parking demand across building functional areas. They affirm the applicability of the shared parking paradigm as that can enhance the efficiency of space utilization to appropriately accommodate diverse needs.

Investment Decision Making for Development of Rental Warehouses: A Cases Study of Warehouse Developers in Samut Prakan Province

2025-06-30T11:11:40+07:00

This study aims to examine investment decisions of developers on rental warehouse projects in Samut Prakan Province. Structured interviews were conducted, with questions developed from concepts in property development and investment decision factors. Participants included four warehouse developers and three real estate consultancy firms. Data were analyzed using content analysis, combined with mode analysis to prioritize key macro- and micro-level factors, while mean values were used for detailed ranking of sub-factors. Comparisons across respondent groups explored similarities and differences in factor importance, providing both qualitative and quantitative insights.

Findings reveal that: (1) developers agree that rental warehouses hold long-term growth potential, driven by e-commerce expansion, manufacturing relocation, and Thailand’s role as a regional logistics hub; (2) the development process consists of four main stages: market survey, target customer identification, land acquisition, and feasibility study; and (3) the most critical investment factors for both listed and non-listed developers are government policies, physical feasibility, and market and financial viability.

The study highlights that developers’ decisions strongly relate to direct factors influencing project success, such as physical and market conditions, as well as indirect factors like government policies, especially in infrastructure and investment incentives. Developers also focus on high-standard designs to meet diverse tenant needs and enhance occupancy rates, supporting sustainable returns.

Designs of Detached Housing in Residential Projects Priced between 3–7 Million Baht in Bangkok and Metropolitan Areas

2025-06-17T08:25:30+07:00

Currently, in the real estate development market, the supply side shows an increasing trend in single-detached housing projects, as the number of new project launches has grown more than other types of residential developments. This research aims to explore design guidelines for single detached houses in housing estate projects within the price range of 3–7 million baht in Bangkok and its metropolitan area. The Project will be launched in 2021–2024.

This study employs a mixed-methods research approach. Primary data was collected through questionnaires distributed to 251 participants and in-depth interviews conducted with 5 experts. Secondary data were gathered from the analysis of design documents from 8 case study projects, encompassing 17 house designs. The research findings revealed that: 1) The case study houses typically had an average land size of 52.33 square Wah, an average usable area of 161 square meters, with 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, and 2 parking spaces. The architectural style was predominantly modern, using a color palette of white, grey, and black. 2) Residents of these housing estates expressed the highest satisfaction with the land size and usable area of the houses. 3) Experts and developers recommended focusing on user-oriented functionality and noted a trend toward designing more compact homes.

This study proposes future design guidelines for single detached houses that emphasize the efficient use of space, flexibility in functionality, and responsiveness to user satisfaction, environmental concerns, lifestyle patterns, and sustainable design principles.

Designs of Space in Semi-detached Housing: The Case Study of Projects in Bangkok and the Metropolitan Areas

2025-05-27T09:47:04+07:00

Semi-detached houses have remained a popular housing option in Bangkok and its metropolitan area due to their lower cost compared to detached houses, while offering similar usable space. This study examines the evolution of usable space design in semi-detached houses between 2007 and 2022, based on data collected from various housing projects. It also explores strategies to optimize space usage in response to changing consumer lifestyles.

Initially, most semi-detached houses featured 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. Over time, layouts diversified into configurations such as 3 bedrooms with 3 bathrooms, and plans that include multipurpose rooms. These adaptations reflect efforts to meet evolving resident needs. Key design strategies include: 1) adding en-suite bathrooms and dressing areas to master bedrooms; 2) reducing ground floor hall size by overlapping living and dining areas; 3) integrating kitchens with prep areas to minimize redundancy; 4) enlarging bedrooms 2 and 3 through modified stair layouts; and 5) increasing use of multipurpose rooms to accommodate work-from-home needs and elderly care.

To further enhance usable space, interior design solutions such as utilizing vertical space, sloped ceilings aligned with roof structures, and mezzanine levels above stair halls are recommended. These approaches must ensure safety and structural integrity.

The Behavior and Demand for Green Space Utilization in Residential Condominiums in Bangkok Metropolitan Area

2025-06-04T09:14:26+07:00

Enhancement and conservation of National Environment Quality Act, B.E. 2535, designated that the development of real estate projects requires an environmental impact assessment report (EIA). One of the regulations is the green area. This research aims to study the changes in green areas in condominium projects and the causes of change.

The results of the study revealed 2 types of green areas in condominium projects. The first is the green areas, which have not changed. The main reason is that most areas have appropriate materials used, so there is no significant deterioration, and the residents' demand for green area is met. The second is the green areas, which have changed. The changes are from the juristic person management and the resident's demands. The main factor for juristic person is the budget for maintenance. The original green area has a budget in terms of labor, water, and vegetation costs. The labor cost remains constant, but water and vegetation costs are reduced from previous expenses. This information shows that if appropriate vegetations are used. It will be able to reduce the overall cost of maintenance. The main factor of changes in the green space in the project from residents is that the demand does not match the purpose of the existing area. The original green space did not meet the criteria of the activities of residents. For example, the area is too small, has materials that are not suitable for that activity, or does not have space for certain activities.

Satisfaction, Issues, and Demands for Intelligent Community Systems to Develop Public Asset Management for Residential Condominiums in Sriracha Municipality, Chonburi Province

2025-07-03T16:04:35+07:00

The expansion of urban areas and rising land prices in the downtown area have resulted in the widespread popularity of housing in the form of block buildings, especially in the Sriracha Municipal District, Chonburi Province, which is an important economic area with a dense population and a continuous development of real estate projects. However, a clear problem encountered in residential complex buildings is the management of public assets such as elevators, swimming pools, fitness, security systems, parking spaces, and the environment within the project, which directly affects the quality of life of residents. This research is purposeful. 1) To study the satisfaction and problems in the use of the collective assets of the complex building 2) To study the needs for the development of intelligent community systems in complex buildings. 3) To guide the management of the collective assets of the complex building, use a questionnaire from a sample group of 400 people.

The results of the research found that overall resident satisfaction with public property is high, especially with guard and security systems. The second is shops and swimming pools. There are moderate problems with public property, with the most common problems being shops and swimming pools. And the seed garden reflects the need to optimize and properly manage shared assets. The need to develop intelligent community systems has received moderate attention. By residents expressing the highest demands on air pollution alert systems, intelligent facilities systems, these demands reflect the expectations of residents who want their homes to contribute to convenient, safe, and healthy living.

Morphological Structure and Food Security of Gated Communities: A Case of Maejo Municipality, Chiang Mai Province

2025-06-16T11:13:38+07:00

This research aimed to analyze the morphological structure and food security situation of gated communities. The research methods involved conducting surveys, observation, interviews, a sample group, and a process model using Space Syntax. The research found that there is a residential area of 56.07 percent, and 10.20 percent is a gated community area. The increase in gated communities has affected land use changes and accessibility of the land area. The average integration values of global accessibility, local accessibility, and connectivity are 0.58749, 1.28635, and 2.893, respectively. These values are consistent with relationships at the street level of urban areas, where activity connection distances are appropriate to the destination area of the trip, and suitable areas of activity service radius at 800 meters have an average of 47.5739 and 149.797, respectively. At a distance of 1,200 meters, they have averages of 77.5987 and 312.853, respectively. But it was not found to have any relationship with the gated community. For the situation of households in gated communities. It was found that food security had a good level of sufficiency. But there is still a lack of benefits from household food access, food utilization, and food stability. A suggestion for managing urban areas involves addressing changes in the morphological structure and enhancing food security. This can be achieved through creative ideas for small edible gardens, encouraging self-sufficient practices, and fostering collective action for the future.

Material Selection for Low-income Housing in Mangrove Areas : A Case Study of Ban Bang Phat, Phang Nga Province

2025-07-02T09:55:17+07:00

The lack of housing security for low-income residents in mangrove areas along Thailand’s Andaman coast is a complex issue, influenced by environmental, economic, and legal constraints—particularly in conservation zones where housing development is restricted. This research examines how low-income households in these areas select construction materials, using the concepts of affordable housing and vernacular architecture as analytical frameworks. The case study focuses on Ban Bang Phat community in Phang Nga Province, Data were collected through site surveys, interviews with homeowners and builders, and community participation.

Findings reveal three main material selection strategies: 1) cost-saving materials such as mangrove wood and plywood, which are affordable but require frequent maintenance; 2) long-term durability materials like reinforced concrete, ceramic tiles, and masonry, which have higher upfront costs but reduce future maintenance; and 3) materials chosen for convenience and ease of construction, such as processed wood and prefabricated panels, balancing familiarity and affordability.

Material choices are closely linked to household income, construction knowledge, and the unique environmental conditions of mangrove zones, including high humidity, soft soil, and salt corrosion. Despite limitations, communities adapt by choosing flexible, locally available materials that align with their needs and environmental challenges.

Life Cycle Assessment of Interior Finishing Materials Used in Residential Condominium Units in Thailand

2025-06-17T08:18:53+07:00

The construction sector plays an important role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly from the construction to interior fit-out of residential condominium units. These processes involve extensive use of materials with high embodied carbon resulting from manufacturing, transportation, and installation. In response to increasing competition across all market segments, condominium interior design has become more complex, requiring a greater variety of decorative materials, which may exacerbate environmental impacts.

This research aimed to assess the environmental impacts of interior materials used in residential condominium units in Bangkok, Thailand, by applying a life cycle assessment (LCA) under a Cradle-to-Gate boundary (A1–A3). Nine sample units from three market segments, including luxury, upper, and economy class, were selected as reference models. The study covered materials from seven major interior work categories: exterior doors, internal partitions, interior doors, wall finishes, floor finishes, ceiling finishes, and fixed furniture. The goal was to identify material alternatives that are environmentally preferable and suitable for each market segment.

The study reveals that all proposed material substitution strategies effectively reduce environmental impacts. In the Economy segment, replacing materials in the floor finishes category resulted in a 28.76% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the original materials. In the Upper segment, the highest reduction of 30.20% was achieved through material changes in the fixed furniture category. Similarly, the Luxury segment achieved a 25.10% reduction from substitutions in fixed furniture materials. Notably, the Luxury segment also recorded a total reduction of 20,106.39 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO_₂e) in greenhouse gas emissions. These findings highlight the importance of material selection in sustainable residential design and demonstrate the potential for meaningful emissions reduction.

Design Guidelines for Enhancing Usable Space in Public Library Buildings: A Case Study of Nonthaburi Province

2025-07-03T07:45:01+07:00

Public libraries play a vital role as community learning centers, extending beyond merely serving as places for reading. They also function as venues for activities, access to technology, and lifelong learning support for people of all ages. The physical layout of a library significantly influences user experiences and satisfaction. Therefore, the design and organization of interior spaces to align with real usage contexts are critical and require ongoing improvement. This research aims to 1) study the characteristics of spatial usage within the public library, 2) examine the users’ satisfaction with the use of library space, and 3) propose design guidelines for improving the public library in Nonthaburi Province. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving qualitative data collection through in-depth interviews, behavioral observations, and the study of exemplary libraries both in Thailand and abroad (a total of three cases). Quantitative data were collected from 105 library users via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) as well as inferential statistics (mean rank test). The findings revealed that the most frequently used spaces included individual reading zones, newspaper reading areas, and multipurpose rooms often used for training sessions and community gatherings. User satisfaction ranged from moderate to high, particularly in terms of environment, cleanliness, and staff service. However, limitations were noted in the diversity of space for specific user groups (e.g., children and elderly), and in technological accessibility, such as limited access to computers, digital media, and low-performance Wi-Fi. Based on the findings, the study proposed design improvement strategies including the provision of flexible and multifunctional spaces, specialized areas for different user groups, enhanced digital infrastructure, and systematic interior layout arrangements. These improvements aim to strengthen the role of public libraries as inclusive, accessible, and responsive learning environments within the context of Nonthaburi Province.

The Opportunities and Limitations of Conservation-Oriented Shophouses Renovation Among Entrepreneurs Owning Properties in the Old Town of Nakhon Ratchasima

2025-06-10T14:10:53+07:00

Nakhon Ratchasima Old Town, especially Chomphon Road, is an area with historical and architectural value, but now faces physical and economic stagnation. This article aims to study the opportunities and limitations of protected building renovation, as well as the attitudes of commercial building owners, through four case studies, physical surveys, and in-depth interviews.

Research has found that an essential opportunity is for all building owners to have optimistic attitude towards conservation and appreciate the historical value of the building, which is expressed differently in each case. intimate relationships with the family and community levels, and have economic stability staus. In most cases, buildings still maintain their original state and have the potential to develop into tourism activities. The restrictions include that all owners do not have clear business and building transfer plans, and a certain building has renovated. but other buildings have been partially renovated, also termite infested wooden buildings. Reinforced concrete buildings have roof leakage issues. Although renovation is needed, A lack of expert consultation and maintenance remained

From the study of the conservation guidelines of Phuket Old Town found that the integration of the public sector and the mechanisms within the community are major factors in driving conservation. Therefore, guidelines for establishing a network of building owners, disseminating examples, and adjusting the roles of local administration to provide proactive support through informal participation processes are proposed.

Values and Changes of Traditional Chinese Houses along the Chao Phraya River, Bangkok

2025-07-15T07:33:43+07:00

Traditional Chinese houses along the Chao Phraya River are valuable cultural place that reflect the history of Chinese settlement, their way of life, and their role in Bangkok. However, these houses are facing degradation, abandonment, demolition, and inappropriate conservation, leading to a decline in their historical and architectural value. This study aims to examine the physical characteristics, context, and current use of four specific houses: Tang Nguan Ha Fish Sauce House, Pok Kee House, Rutchborirak House, and Eng Hok Tong House. Using an international framework of conservation principles, the research analyzes their value, authenticity, and the changes that have impacted the buildings.

The study found that all four houses have been modified from their original design to adapt to the context of the riverside environment, local climate, and culture. These traditional Chinese houses are more than just residences; they also reflect the Chinese way of life, beliefs, and their role in Thai society. They stand as invaluable historical and spiritual evidence. Consequently, these houses possess historical, spiritual, architectural, and economic value. However, changes in their uses such as conversion into museums, shops, or cultural tourism sites—while helping to create a mechanism for preserving their value and authenticity, may have negative impacts if the focus is on commercial gain without regard for their original value. Additionally, the houses face physical deterioration due to changes in transportation routes and the environment, as well as inappropriate repairs, all of which accelerate the loss of their value.

The study recommends that the conservation of traditional Chinese houses should focus on building knowledge and understanding of conservation that recognizes their value and authenticity. The conservation process should begin with a comprehensive value assessment to identify key components that warrant preservation and pinpoint risks to that value. This should be followed by the establishment of appropriate conservation objectives, methods, and adaptive reuse guidelines, coupled with continuous maintenance planning, to ensure that this type of architectural heritage remains a vital historical and cultural record.

A Structural Survey of the Roof of Mahakan Fortress

2025-06-23T09:37:06+07:00

Mahakan Fortress is one of Bangkok’s only two surviving forts from the early Rattanakosin period and holds significant historical value. The fortress’ wooden roof form and structure are worth recording and studying. This study aims to systematically survey, analyze, and document the roof structure of Mahakan Fortress through an integrated methodology that combines traditional hand-drawn surveying with 3D scanning technology to produce an accurate 3D structural model. The findings reveal that the roof structure of the fort comprises both lower and upper tiers, utilizing a system of curved rafters. The base consists of interlocked timber beams arranged in a cross-shaped configuration, systematically supporting doll columns and other structural components. Data collected from fieldwork and digital scanning were synthesized to construct a 3D model that illustrates the hierarchical configuration of the roof structure, from its foundation to the apex. This study integrates traditional field surveying with 3D scanning to convey structural data. The outcome serves as a basis for further research and conservation.

Establishing Standard Times for Painting Activities through the Direct Time Study Method

2025-07-02T09:53:22+07:00

Construction management is a crucial process for managing resources to achieve project objectives. The construction industry is inherently complex, as each project possesses unique characteristics influenced by various factors, significantly impacting labor productivity. Consequently, construction schedules for each project are specific and not directly transferable to others. Painting activities are particularly significant in construction and architecture, serving to enhance building aesthetics and protect material surfaces from deterioration due to environmental factors, moisture, or chemicals. However, the previous research indicates that these activities are among the factors contributing to construction project delays, stemming from issues such as inadequate surface preparation, worker skill levels, worksite conditions, fluctuating weather conditions, and a lack of effective construction planning. Moreover, limited existing research on standard times for painting activities may result in a mismatch between planned construction schedules and actual work performance, potentially leading to further project delays. Therefore, this research aims to determine the standard time for painting activities using direct time study method, which focuses on the fire escape staircase painting, an architectural work of the Sujinno Building construction project at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. The study found that the fire escape staircase painting activity, encompassing 14 sub-activities, has a standard time of 587.90 minutes at 9.79 hours per 20 square meters of painted area. The three sub-activities with the longest durations were waiting time for the first coat of paint to dry at 211.40 minutes, waiting time for the primer to dry at 209.90 minutes, and equipment cleaning at 29.80 minutes, respectively. The standard time for these activities may be influenced by various related factors, including construction worker skill and experience, and environmental conditions such as weather and worksite conditions.