Challenges of The Ethiopian Smallholding Farmers Under The Investment Policy
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Published:
Jul 9, 2018
Keywords:
Challenges Investment Policy Smallholding Farmers
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Abstract
This academic article aimed to study the challenges of Ethiopian smallholding farmers under investment policy. It examined the land issues, peoples discourse on land and investment policy implementation. This article discussed the investment policy of Ethiopia with the concepts and theories of its implementation and found that a clear separation of policy formation from policy implementation for effective implementation wasn’t fulfil the models of Mazmanian and Sabatier for it didn’t include other stake holders, adequate structure, committed officials to the goals, and presence of detrimental changes in the socioeconomic framework conditions. This article also revealed that smallholding farmers burnt challenges of politicized investment for investors and other urban elites who offer support for the government obtain land they change it into capital at the expense of smallholdings and whenever the latter claimed their rights given political answer labeling them ant-development instead of open discussion, exposing them to, inter alia, food insecurity, identity deterioration, and unemployment. This followed with security forces systematically targeting certain ethnic groups, and ‘open door’ policy as it favors the investors more than smallholding farmers and local people resulting in human right violations, land grab, involuntary and forced eviction and displacement.
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References
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Alston, J., Thrainn, Eggertsson. & Douglass, C. North. (1996). “Toward an understanding of property rights, Empirical Studies in institutional Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Amnesty International. (2012). The state of the World’s Human Rights. Retrieved from https://files.amnesty.org/ air12/AIR12-Report-English.pdf
Anti-Terrorism Proclamation No. 652/2009. “A proclamation on Anti Terrorism”, In Federal Negarit Gazeta, 15th Year Number 57.
Araya, M. (2013). Effects of Large-scale agricultural investments on smallholder farming in Sub-Saharan.
Bardach, E. (1977). The Implementation Game. What Happens After a Bill Becomes a Law. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Bekele, M., Tesfaye, Y., Mohammad, Z., Zewdie, S., Brockhaus, M., & Kassa H. (2015). The context of REDD+in Ethiopia. Center for International Forestry. Research 127, 1-94. DOI.
Berhane, F. (2007). Is the Current Land Policy of Ethiopia the Most Feasible One with Respect To the Economic Goals of the Country? An Assessment of Ethiopian land policy from various perspectives.
Charities and Societies proclamation, Proc. no. 621/2009. Proclamation to provide for the registration and regulation of charities and societies, In Federal Negarit Gazeta, 15th Year Number 25.
Cotula, L. (2014). Addressing the human rights impacts of ‘land grabbing’.
Darch, C. (1976). The Ethiopian Student Movement in the Struggle against Imperialism, 1960-1974. Paper presented to the Annual Social Science Conference of the East African Universities (12th: Dares Salaam: 20-22 December 1976).
Davison, W. (2016). Bloomberg. Evictions, unrest take gloss off Ethiopia’s impressive construction boom. Retrieved from https://mgafrica.com/article/2016-03-21-evictionsunrest-take-shine-off-ethiopias- frenzied-construction-boom.
DeLeon, P. (2001). A Democratic Approach to Policy Implementation.Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 31, San Francisco.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (1995). The constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, In Federal Negarit Gazeta, First Year Number 1, 97-99.
Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Expropriation of landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005.
Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Investment Proclamation No. 769/2012.
Financial, T. (2016). The great land rush Ethiopia: The billionaire’s farm
Hargrove, E. (1975). The Missing-Link: The Study of the Implementation of Social Policy. Washington: The Urban Institute.
Helland, J. (1999). “Land Alienation in Borena: Some Land Tenure Issues in a pastoral Context in Ethiopia”. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review.
Hill, M., & Hupe, P. (2002). Implementing Public Policy. Governance in Theory and in Practice. London: Sage.
Human Rights Watch Report. (2016). “Such a Brutal Crackdown”. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/ 06/16/such-brutalcrackdown/killings-and-arrests-response- ethiopias-oromo-protests https://youtu.be/2k8XE4GY4a4
Human Rights Watch. (1999). Ethiopian Dictator Mengistu Haile Mariamr. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/ 1999/11/24/ethiopiandictator-mengistu-haile-mariam
Jemma, H. (2004). The politics of land tenure in Ethiopian History: Experiencefrom the South. Paper prepared for XI World Congress of Rural Sociology, Trondheim Norway, July 25-30, 2004.
Kachika, T. (2010). Land grabbing in Africa: a review of impacts and the possible policy responses. Oxfam International, Oxford, UK (2010) 69 pp.
Lane, J. E. (1983). Creating the University of Norrland: Goals, Structurs and Outcomes. Umeâ: Liber (USPA7).
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-Level Bureaucracy. The Dilemmas of Individuals in the Public Service. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Mazmanian, D., & Sabatier P. (1983). Implementation and Public Policy. Glenview: Scott.
Nakamura, R. T. & Smallwood, F. (1980). The Politics of Policy Implementation. New York: St. Martins Press.
National Electoral Board of Ethiopia (NEBE). (2015). Retrieved from https://www.electionethiopia.org/en/
Oakland Institute. (2011). Understanding Land Investment Deals in Africa Country Report: Ethiopia; Oakland, CA 94619, USA.
Oxfam. (2012). ‘Our Land, Our Lives’. Time out on the global land rush.
Pressman, J., & Wildavsky, A. (1973). Implementation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rahmato, D. (2011). Land to Investors: Large-Scale Land Transfers in Ethiopia. FSS policy Debates Series No.1. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies.
Robertson, B., & Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Food Sec. (2010). 2: 271. Doi: 10.1007/s12571-010-0068- 1.
Sabatier, P., & Mazmanian, D. (1979). "The Conditions of Effective Implementation: A Guide to Accomplishing Policy Objectives" in Policy Analysis 5.
Sheppard Daniel with Anuradha Mittal. (2009). The great land grab: Rush for world’s Farmland threatens food security for the poor.
The Reporter Newspaper. (2016). Sugar Corporation in the red. Retrieved from https://archiveenglish.thereportere thiopia.com/content/sugarcorp-red
Transparency, International. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/ transparency_international_data_shows_ethiopia_suff ers_from_high_levels_of
United Nation. (2007). International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination Seventieth session 19 February to 9 March 2007. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/publisher,CERD,,ETH,467bcd292,0. html
United Nation. (2002). Investment and innovation policy review Ethiopia. United Nations.
Wickeri, E., & A.Kalhan. (2010). ‘Land rights issues in international human rights law’, Malaysian Journal on Human Rights, 4(10).
World Bank. (2014). Ethiopia Poverty Assessment, World Bank Gropu; Open Knowledge Repository. Retrieved from https://openknowleal dge. worldbank.org/handle/10986/21323