DBPs Formation by Chlorination and Chloramination of Water and Treated Water at Short and Long Reaction Times
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Abstract
This work investigated disinfection by-products formation potential (DBPFP) by chlorination and chloramination. Raw water was collected from the U-Tapao canal, Songkhla, Thailand. This work used poly aluminum chloride (PACl) of 15 mg/L and aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) of 1 percent w/v in coagulation experiments. DBPFPs were conducted on raw water and PACl-treated water and ACH-treated water at 1-day and 7-day reaction times. The raw water had a turbidity of 31.3 NTU and a DOC of 2.52 mg/L. The turbidity was reduced by PACl and ACH to levels below the water supply standard. DOC was reduced by 27 and 32 percent by PACl and ACH, respectively. The most prominent DBPFP found in chlorinated and chloraminated samples was trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). THMFP levels of 171 and 425 µg/L were detected in the chlorinated raw water after 1-day and 7-day reaction times, respectively. In the chloraminated raw
water, THMFP of 4.7 and 8.5 µg/L were detected, respectively. At 1-day reaction time, iodo-trihalomethane formation potential (I-THMFP), haloacetronitrile formation potential (HANFP), and trichloronitromethane formation potential (TCNMFP) of the chlorinated raw water were higher than that of the chloraminated raw water. At 7-day reaction time, I-THMFP of the chlorinated raw water was higher than that of the chloraminated raw water. HANFP and TCNMFP of the chlorinated raw water were lower than that of the chloraminated raw water. PACl and ACH are capable of lowering DBPFP, particularly THMFP and I-THMFP, in chlorinated water and HANFP in chloraminaed water. For treated water at 1-day and 7-day reaction times, chlorination had a greater impact on THMFP and I-THMFP than chloramination. The HANFP of chlorinated samples was higher than that of chloraminated samples after 1-day reaction time, whereas the HANFP of chloraminated samples was higher than that of chlorinated samples after 7-day reaction time.
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References
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