The Independent Systems for Handling Police Complaints in Thailand: A Brief Assessment
Keywords:
Police complaints, police watchdog, police accountability, police malpractice, independent watchdog bodiesAbstract
Independent police oversight in Thailand falls within the purview of the Office of the Ombudsman, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC). These bodies are not specialized police complaints agencies, but their role in handling police complaints is of vital importance. This paper provides a brief assessment of the systems under the control of the above agencies. In so doing, the criteria for success of police watchdog bodies in the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime’s (UNODC) Handbook on Police Accountability, Oversight and Integrity are adopted as a benchmark. The findings show that there has been a creeping trend towards regulatory capture within the systems under review. The findings also highlight that the Ombudsman and the NHRC are not sufficiently equipped with power that helps ensure that disciplinary and/or criminal proceedings can be brought against an officer found to have committed misconduct.
References
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den Heyer, G., & Beckley, A. (2013). Police independent oversight in Australia and New Zealand. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 130-143.
Ellison, G. (2007). A blueprint for democratic policing anywhere in the world? Police reform, political transition, and conflict resolution in Northern Ireland. Police Quarterly, 10(3), 243-269. Faull, A. (2011). Oversight Agencies in South Africa and the Challenge of Police Corruption. ISS Paper 227. Retrieved January 1, 2018 from https://issafrica.org/research/papers/oversight-agencies-in-south-africa-and-the-challenge-of-police-corruption.
Ferdik, V. F., Rojek, J., & Alpert, P. G. (2013). Citizen oversight in the United States and Canada: An overview. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 104-116.
Goldsmith, A. J. (1991). Complaints against the police: A ‘community policing’ perspective. IN McKillop, S., & Vernon, J. (Eds.). The Police and the Community in the 1990s.
Proceedings from Australian Institute of Criminology. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
_____________. (2000). Police accountability reform in Colombia: the civilian oversight experiment. In Goldsmith, A. J., & Lewis, C. (Eds.). Civilian Oversight of Policing: Governance, Democracy and Human Rights. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
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Manby, B. (1996). The independent complaints directorate: An opportunity wasted? South African Journal of Human Rights, 12(1), 419-451.
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McLaughlin, E. (2005). Forcing the issue: New labour, new localism and the democratic renewal of police accountability. The Howard Journal, 44(5), 473-489.
McLaughlin, E. & Johansen, A. (2002). A force for change: The prospects for applying restorative justice to citizen complaints against the police in England and Wales. British Journal of Criminology, 42(3), 635-653. 31
McMahon, M., & Ericson, R. (1984). Policing Reform: A Study of the Reform Process and Police Institution in Toronto. Toronto: Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto.
McNeil, R. (2017). Police Reform Committee agrees with Proposed Centralization of Investigative Work. Retrieved January 1, 2018 from http://thainews.prd.go.th/website_en/news/news_detail/WNPOL6009200010009.
Moore, J. M. (2013). The Thai Way of Counterinsurgency. Greenville: A Muir Analytics Book.
Nalla, K. M., & Mamayek, C. (2013). Democratic policing, police accountability, and citizen oversight in Asia: An exploratory study. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 117-129.
National Human Rights Commission. (2012). Reports on the Appraisal of Human Rights Situations in Thailand and on the Performance of NHRC 2012. Bangkok: NHRC.
Novak, J. W. (2013). A revisionist history of regulatory capture. In Carpenter, D., & Moss, A. D. (Eds.). Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It. Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press.
Office of the Ombudsman. (2013). Annual Report of 2013. Bangkok: Office of the Ombudsman.
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Phongpaichit, P., & Baker, C. (2004). Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Phongpaichit, P., & Piriyarangsan, S. (1996). Corruption and Democracy in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Pongsudhirak, T. (2003). Thailand: Democratic authoritarianism. Southeast Asian Affairs,
277-290.
Porter, E. L., & Prenzler, T. (2012). Police oversight in the United Kingdom: The balance of independence and collaboration. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(3), 152–171.
Posner, A. R. (2014). The concept of regulatory capture: A short, inglorious history. In Carpenter, D., & Moss, D. A. (Eds.). Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Prateeppornnarong, D. (2016). An Evaluation of the Systems for Handling Police Complaints in Thailand. PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. (Unpublished)
Prateeppornnarong, D. & Young, R. (2017). A critique of the internal complaints system of the Thai police. Policing and Society, 29(1), 18-35.
Prenzler, T. (2000). Civilian oversight of police: A test of capture theory. British Journal of
Criminology, 40(4), 659-674.
_________. (2011). The evolution of police oversight in Australia. Policing and Society, 21(3), 284-303.
_________. (2016). Democratic policing, public opinion and external oversight. In Prenzler, T., & den Heyer, G. (Eds.). Civilian Oversight of the Police: Advancing Accountability in Law Enforcement. London: CRC Press.
Prenzler, T., & Ronken, C. (2001). Models of police oversight: A critique. Policing and Society, 11(2), 151-180.
Quah, J. S. T. (2010). Defying institutional failure: Learning from the experiences of anti-corruption agencies in four Asian Countries. Crime, Law & Social Change, 53(1), 23-54.
Reiner, R. (2010). The Politics of the Police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ross, G. (2007). Police oversight: Help or hindrance? In Mitchell, M., & Casey, J. (Eds.). Police Leadership and Management. Sydney: Federation Press.
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Sanders, A., Young, R., & Burton, M. (2010). Criminal Justice. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Savage, S. P. (2013). Thinking independence: Calling the police to account through the independent investigation of police complaints. British Journal of Criminology, 53(1), 94-112.
Seneviratne, M. (2004). Policing the police in the United Kingdom. Policing and Society, 14(4), 329-347.
Smith, G. (2006). A most enduring problem: Police complaints reform in England and Wales. Journal of Social Policy, 35(1), 121-141.
_______. (2013). Oversight of the police and residual complaints dilemmas: Independence, effectiveness and accountability deficits in the United Kingdom. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 94-103.
_______. (2014). The tripartite police complaints system of Hong Kong. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, 15(1-2), 119-145.
Strudwick, K. (2003). Is independence the only answer to complainants’ satisfaction of the police complaints process? A perspective from the United Kingdom. Police Practice and Research, 4(1), 35-46.
Terrill, R. (1988). Civilian oversight of the police complaints process in the United States: Concerns, developments and more concerns. In Goldsmith, A. (Ed.). Complaints against the Police: The Trend to External Review. Oxford: Clarendon.
Uglow, S. (2002). Criminal Justice. 2nd ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
UNODC. (2011). Handbook on Police Accountability, Oversight and Integrity. New York: UN.
Uwanno, B. (2013). Depoliticising key institutions for combatting corruption: The new Thai constitution. In Lamour, P., & Wolanin, N. (Eds.). Corruption and Anti-Corruption. Australia: ANU Press.
Walsh, P. J. D. (2009). Twenty years of handling police complaints in Ireland: A critical assessment of the supervisory board model. Legal Studies, 29(2), 305-337.
Wanichwiwatana, A. (2004). The 1998 Thai Police Reform: A Study of the Persistence of Institutional Corruption. Unpublished DPhil thesis. University of Oxford, England.
Watt, S. (1991). The future of civilian oversight of policing. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 33, 349-358.
Wong, C. K. (2010). Police powers and control in Hong Kong. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 34(1), 1-24.
Young, R., Hoyle, C., Cooper, K., & Hill, R. (2005). Informal resolution of police complaints: A quasi-experimental test of restorative justice. Criminal Justice, 5(3), 279-317.
Berg, J., & Howell, S. (2016). Civilian oversight of police in Africa: Trends and challenges. In Prenzler, T., & den Heyer, G. (Eds.). Civilian Oversight of the Police: Advancing Accountability in Law Enforcement. London: CRC Press.
Box, S., & Russell, K. (1975). The politics of discredibility: Disarming complaints against the police. Sociological Review, 23(2), 315-346.
Bruce, D. (2017). Strengthening the Independence of the Independent Police Investigative Directorate. APCOF Policy Paper. Retrieved January 1, 2018 from http://apcof.org/portfolio-posts/016-strengthening-the-independence-of-the-independent-policeinvestigative-directorate/.
Commissioner for Human Rights. (2009) Opinion of the Commissioner for Human Rights Concerning Independent and Effective Determination of Complaints against the Police. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Committee on the Office of the Ombudsman and the Police Integrity Commission. (2006). Ten Year Review of the Police Oversight System in New South Wales. Sydney: Parliament of New South Wales.
Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland. (2011). CJINI Report on the Police Ombudsman. Belfast: CJINI.
Dal Bó, E. (2006). Regulatory capture: A review. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(2), 203-225.
Dalpino, E. C. (1991). Thailand’s search for accountability. Journal of Democracy, 2(4), 61-71.
den Heyer, G., & Beckley, A. (2013). Police independent oversight in Australia and New Zealand. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 130-143.
Ellison, G. (2007). A blueprint for democratic policing anywhere in the world? Police reform, political transition, and conflict resolution in Northern Ireland. Police Quarterly, 10(3), 243-269. Faull, A. (2011). Oversight Agencies in South Africa and the Challenge of Police Corruption. ISS Paper 227. Retrieved January 1, 2018 from https://issafrica.org/research/papers/oversight-agencies-in-south-africa-and-the-challenge-of-police-corruption.
Ferdik, V. F., Rojek, J., & Alpert, P. G. (2013). Citizen oversight in the United States and Canada: An overview. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 104-116.
Goldsmith, A. J. (1991). Complaints against the police: A ‘community policing’ perspective. IN McKillop, S., & Vernon, J. (Eds.). The Police and the Community in the 1990s.
Proceedings from Australian Institute of Criminology. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
_____________. (2000). Police accountability reform in Colombia: the civilian oversight experiment. In Goldsmith, A. J., & Lewis, C. (Eds.). Civilian Oversight of Policing: Governance, Democracy and Human Rights. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Haanstad, E. J. (2013). Thai police in refractive cultural practice. In Garriott, W. (Ed.). Policing and Contemporary Governance: The Anthropology of Police in Practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Harding, A. (2006). Thailand’s reforms: Human rights and the national commission. Journal of Comparative Law, 1(1), 88-100.
Harding, A., & Leyland, P. (2011). The Constitutional System of Thailand: A Contextual Analysis. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Harrison, J., & Cunneen, M. (2000). An Independent Police Complaints Commission. London: Liberty.
Hayes, M. (1997). A Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland? A Review of the Police Complaints System in Northern Ireland. Belfast: The Stationery Office Ltd.
Hong Kong Human Rights Commission. (1993). Hong Kong Human Rights Report 1993. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Human Rights Commission.
Hopkins, T. (2009). An Effective System for Investigating Complaints against Police: A Study of Human Rights Compliance in Police Complaint Models in the US, Canada, UK, Northern Ireland and Australia. Melbourne: Grants Publications Education.
Human Rights Watch. (2008). Thailand’s ‘War on Drugs’. Retrieved September 16, 2017 from http://www.hrw.org/news/2008/03/12/thailand-s-war-drugs.
Huntington, S. P. (1952). The marasmus of the ICC: The commission, the railroads, and the public interest. The Yale Law Journal, 61(4), 467-509.
Intarathawon, S. (2006). An Examination of State Power: A Study on the Fact-Finding Examination Process to Proceed in Cases against Government Officials according to the Act Accompanying the Constitution of Countering Corruption B.E.2542. Unpublished LLM Thesis. Ramkhamheang University: Bangkok.
Kuris, G. (2015). Watchdogs or Guard Dogs: Do Anti-Corruption Agencies Need Strong Teeth. Policy and Society, 34(2), 125-135.
Lertmaneerat, B. (2001). The Performance within the Jurisdiction of the N.C.C.C. in Inquiring and Determining the Case of the State Official Excused of Committing an Offence Accordance with Discipline. Unpublished LLM Thesis. Ramkhamheang University: Bangkok.
Lewis, C. (1991). Police complaints in Metropolitan Toronto. In Goldsmith, A. (Ed.). Complaints against the Police: The Trend to External Review. Oxford: Clarendon. Leyland, P. (2007). The Ombudsman Principles in Thailand. Journal of Comparative Law, 2(1), 137-150.
Liow, J. C., & Pathan, D. (2010). Confronting Ghosts: Thailand’s Shapeless Southern Insurgency. Sydney: Lowy Institute.
Loveday, B. (1999). Government and accountability of the police. In Mawby, R. (Ed.). Policing across the World: Issues for the Twenty First Century. London: UCL Press.
Manby, B. (1996). The independent complaints directorate: An opportunity wasted? South African Journal of Human Rights, 12(1), 419-451.
Marenin, O. (2005). Building a global police studies community. Police Quarterly, 8(1), 99-136.
McLaughlin, E. (2005). Forcing the issue: New labour, new localism and the democratic renewal of police accountability. The Howard Journal, 44(5), 473-489.
McLaughlin, E. & Johansen, A. (2002). A force for change: The prospects for applying restorative justice to citizen complaints against the police in England and Wales. British Journal of Criminology, 42(3), 635-653. 31
McMahon, M., & Ericson, R. (1984). Policing Reform: A Study of the Reform Process and Police Institution in Toronto. Toronto: Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto.
McNeil, R. (2017). Police Reform Committee agrees with Proposed Centralization of Investigative Work. Retrieved January 1, 2018 from http://thainews.prd.go.th/website_en/news/news_detail/WNPOL6009200010009.
Moore, J. M. (2013). The Thai Way of Counterinsurgency. Greenville: A Muir Analytics Book.
Nalla, K. M., & Mamayek, C. (2013). Democratic policing, police accountability, and citizen oversight in Asia: An exploratory study. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 117-129.
National Human Rights Commission. (2012). Reports on the Appraisal of Human Rights Situations in Thailand and on the Performance of NHRC 2012. Bangkok: NHRC.
Novak, J. W. (2013). A revisionist history of regulatory capture. In Carpenter, D., & Moss, A. D. (Eds.). Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It. Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press.
Office of the Ombudsman. (2013). Annual Report of 2013. Bangkok: Office of the Ombudsman.
Owers, D. A. (2012). Chair of the IPCC, ‘Independent Oversight of Police Complaints: The IPCC Eight Years On.’ Speech at the Annual John Harris Memorial Lecture, London, 3 July 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2017 from https://www.ipcc.gov.uk/page/speeches.
Parliament of New South Wales. (2006). Committee on the Office of the Ombudsman and the Police Integrity Commission. Ten Year Review of the Police Oversight System in New South Wales. Sydney: Government of NSW.
Phongpaichit, P., & Baker, C. (2004). Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Phongpaichit, P., & Piriyarangsan, S. (1996). Corruption and Democracy in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Pongsudhirak, T. (2003). Thailand: Democratic authoritarianism. Southeast Asian Affairs,
277-290.
Porter, E. L., & Prenzler, T. (2012). Police oversight in the United Kingdom: The balance of independence and collaboration. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(3), 152–171.
Posner, A. R. (2014). The concept of regulatory capture: A short, inglorious history. In Carpenter, D., & Moss, D. A. (Eds.). Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Prateeppornnarong, D. (2016). An Evaluation of the Systems for Handling Police Complaints in Thailand. PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. (Unpublished)
Prateeppornnarong, D. & Young, R. (2017). A critique of the internal complaints system of the Thai police. Policing and Society, 29(1), 18-35.
Prenzler, T. (2000). Civilian oversight of police: A test of capture theory. British Journal of
Criminology, 40(4), 659-674.
_________. (2011). The evolution of police oversight in Australia. Policing and Society, 21(3), 284-303.
_________. (2016). Democratic policing, public opinion and external oversight. In Prenzler, T., & den Heyer, G. (Eds.). Civilian Oversight of the Police: Advancing Accountability in Law Enforcement. London: CRC Press.
Prenzler, T., & Ronken, C. (2001). Models of police oversight: A critique. Policing and Society, 11(2), 151-180.
Quah, J. S. T. (2010). Defying institutional failure: Learning from the experiences of anti-corruption agencies in four Asian Countries. Crime, Law & Social Change, 53(1), 23-54.
Reiner, R. (2010). The Politics of the Police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ross, G. (2007). Police oversight: Help or hindrance? In Mitchell, M., & Casey, J. (Eds.). Police Leadership and Management. Sydney: Federation Press.
Rukhamate, P., & Thananithichote, S. (2015). The Ombudsman. In Thananithichote, S. (Ed.). Constitutional Organizations: Foundation Knowledge and Lessons for Reforms. Bangkok: KPI.
Sanders, A., Young, R., & Burton, M. (2010). Criminal Justice. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Savage, S. P. (2013). Thinking independence: Calling the police to account through the independent investigation of police complaints. British Journal of Criminology, 53(1), 94-112.
Seneviratne, M. (2004). Policing the police in the United Kingdom. Policing and Society, 14(4), 329-347.
Smith, G. (2006). A most enduring problem: Police complaints reform in England and Wales. Journal of Social Policy, 35(1), 121-141.
_______. (2013). Oversight of the police and residual complaints dilemmas: Independence, effectiveness and accountability deficits in the United Kingdom. Police Practice and Research, 14(2), 94-103.
_______. (2014). The tripartite police complaints system of Hong Kong. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, 15(1-2), 119-145.
Strudwick, K. (2003). Is independence the only answer to complainants’ satisfaction of the police complaints process? A perspective from the United Kingdom. Police Practice and Research, 4(1), 35-46.
Terrill, R. (1988). Civilian oversight of the police complaints process in the United States: Concerns, developments and more concerns. In Goldsmith, A. (Ed.). Complaints against the Police: The Trend to External Review. Oxford: Clarendon.
Uglow, S. (2002). Criminal Justice. 2nd ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
UNODC. (2011). Handbook on Police Accountability, Oversight and Integrity. New York: UN.
Uwanno, B. (2013). Depoliticising key institutions for combatting corruption: The new Thai constitution. In Lamour, P., & Wolanin, N. (Eds.). Corruption and Anti-Corruption. Australia: ANU Press.
Walsh, P. J. D. (2009). Twenty years of handling police complaints in Ireland: A critical assessment of the supervisory board model. Legal Studies, 29(2), 305-337.
Wanichwiwatana, A. (2004). The 1998 Thai Police Reform: A Study of the Persistence of Institutional Corruption. Unpublished DPhil thesis. University of Oxford, England.
Watt, S. (1991). The future of civilian oversight of policing. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 33, 349-358.
Wong, C. K. (2010). Police powers and control in Hong Kong. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 34(1), 1-24.
Young, R., Hoyle, C., Cooper, K., & Hill, R. (2005). Informal resolution of police complaints: A quasi-experimental test of restorative justice. Criminal Justice, 5(3), 279-317.
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