MERCOSUR: Challenges and Opportunities in the Regional and Global Order
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Over the course of its 30 years, Mercosur (Southern Common Market) has undergone various political, economic and social transformations, which have had repercussions on its institutional configuration, enduring periods of progress, expansion, stagnation and setbacks. The bloc has certainly not been immune to challenges in the intra- and extra-regional relations of its member states. The present work seeks to analyze, from a critical and realistic approach, the evolution and development of Mercosur as a regional institution in the face of regional and global geopolitical challenges. Geopolitical uncertainties and economic difficulties show a tendency towards centrifugal forces in the regional organization, in which intra-regional trade and the joint insertion of member states show a propensity towards disarrangement and distancing. The study is justified by the need to investigate the ongoing challenges faced by Mercosur, first by delving into its historical background its institutional development and second by analyzing how it has evolved over the 1990s, the 2000s and the 2010s. We aim at identifying the current economic and geopolitical obstacles and adversities for the bloc to act as a radiator of South American integration.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- เนื้อหาและข้อมูลที่ลงตีพิมพ์ในวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ถือเป็นข้อคิดเห็นและความรับผิดชอบของผู้เขียนบทความโดยตรง ซึ่งกองบรรณาธิการวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ ไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วย หรือร่วมรับผิดชอบใดๆ
- บทความและข้อมูล ที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ในวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ ถือเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสาร หากบุคคลหรือหน่วยงานใดต้องการนำข้อมูลไปใช้ประโยชน์ในทางวิชาการ ขอให้อ้างอิงแหล่งที่มาด้วย
References
Agência Brasil. (2017, August 8). Uruguai diz que insensatez tirou Venezuela do Mercosul. Retrieved February 7, 2023, from https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/internacional/noticia/2017-08/uruguai-diz-que-insensatez-tirou-venezuela-do-mercosul/
Agência Brasil. (2022, August 17). Camex torna definitivo corte de 10% de tarifa comum do Mercosul. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2022-08/camex-torna-definitivo-corte-de-10-de-tarifa-comum-do-mercosul
Barbon, J. (2023). Uruguay Considers Leaving Mercosur Due to Impasse in Agreement with China. Retrieved July 3, 2023, from https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/07/uruguai-cogita-sair-do-mercosul-por-impasse-em-acordo-com-china.shtml/
Brands, H. (2010). Latin America's Cold War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Briceño-Ruiz, J., & Puntigliano, A. R. (2017). Brazil and Latin America: Between the Separation and Integration Paths. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
Carta Capital. (2023, June 29). Brasil quer reintegrar a Venezuela ao Mercosul, mas não deve tratar tema na próxima cúpula. Retrieved May 29, 2024, from https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/brasil-quer-reintegrar-a-venezuela-ao-mercosul-mas-nao-deve-tratar-tema-na-proxima-cupula/
Casarões, G. S. P., & Farias, D. B. L. (2021). Brazilian Foreign Policy under Jair Bolsonaro: Far-Right Populism and the Rejection of the Liberal International Order. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 35(5), 741-761.
Cervo, A. L. (2003) Política exterior e relações internacionais do Brasil: enfoque paradigmático. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 46(1), 5-25.
Cervo, A. L., & Bueno, C. (2008). História da Política Exterior do Brasil. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília.
Chain, C. P. et al. (2014). Disputas Comerciais na OMC e no MERCOSUL: Divergências entre Brasil e Argentina sob a perspectiva da Integração Regional. Desenvolvimento em Questão, 12(25), 127-152.
Cheatham, A., & Labrador, R. C. (2021). Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate. Council on Foreign Relations, 29, Retrieved October 16, 2023, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/venezuela-crisis/
Costa, W. M. (2009) Brazil and South America: Geopolitical Scenarios and the Challenges of Integration. Confins: Revue Franco-Brésilienne de Géographie/Revista Franco-Brasileira de Geografia, 7.
Costa, W. M. (2022) América do Sul: a integração estagnou na escala continental, se mantém nas fronteiras e reconfigura a core area do MERCOSUL. In Costa, W. M., & Garcia, T. S. L. (Eds.) América do Sul: geopolítica, arranjos regionais e relações internacionais (pp. 14-45). São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas.
ECLAC. (2019). Economic study of Latin America and the Caribbean - The New Global Financial Context: Effects and Transmission Mechanisms in the Region. ECLAC, Santiago de Chile, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2023, from https://tinyurl.com/3wbscyb3
ECLAC. (2002). Panorama de la inserción internacional de América Latina y el Caribe - 2000-2001. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from https://tinyurl.com/46ha4e3f
Giambiagi et. al. (2011). Economia Brasileira Contemporânea: 1945-2010. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier.
IIRSA. (n.d.). Consejo Interamericano de Infraestructura y Planeamiento. Proyectos 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2018, from http://www.iirsa.org/admin_iirsa_web/Uploads/Documents/Fichas2016_web.pdf
Kerr-Oliveria, L. et al. (2021). South American Regional Integration in the Face of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Geopolitical Analysis of the Impacts On Mercosur and the Region. Revista Tempo do Mundo, 26, 205-250.
Levistky, S., & Roberts, K. (2011). The Resurgence of Latin American Left. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Mello, L. I. A. (2001). Brazil and Argentina in Historical Perspective. Perspectivas: Revista de Ciências Sociais, 24/25, 131-143.
Mercosur. (2002). Protocolo de Olivos para La Solución de Controversias en el Mercosur. Retrieved June 2, 2024, from https://www.parlamentomercosur.org/innovaportal/file/15511/1/protocolo-de-olivos.pdf./
Mercosur. (2023). Sistema de Dados Estatísticos do Mercosul (SECEM), Unidade Técnica de Estatísticas de Comércio Exterior do MERCOSUL (UTECEM). Retrieved June 5, 2024, from https://estadisticas.mercosur.int/
Onuki, J. (2022). Los cambios internacionales y el futuro del Mercosur. In Caetano, G., & Hernández, D. (Eds.). 30 años del Mercosur: Trayectorias, flexibilización e interregionalismo (pp. 55-60). Montevideo: Udelar. FCS-DCP.
Raby, D. (2011). Venezuelan Foreign Policy Under Chávez, 1999-2010: The Pragmatic Success of Revolutionary Ideology? In Gardini, G., & Lambert, P. (Eds.). Latin American Foreign Policies (pp. 159-177). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Riggirozzi, P. (2012). Region, Regionness and Regionalism in Latin America: Towards a New Synthesis. New Political Economy, 17(4), 421-443.
Riggirozzi, P., & Tussie, D. (2012). The Rise of Post-Hegemonic Regionalism. Dordrecht: Springer.
Roncaglia, A. (2023). The Mercosur-European Union Agreement Is a Trap. Retrieved October 5, 2023, from https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/andre-roncaglia/2023/10/o-acordo-mercosul-ue-e-uma-cilada.shtml/
Sanahuja, J. A. (2012). Regionalismo Post-Liberal y Multilateralismo En Sudamérica: El Caso de UNASUR. In Serbin, A., Martinez, L., & Ramanzani Júnior, H. (Eds.). El Regionalismo “Post–Liberal” En América Latina y El Caribe: Nuevos Actores, Nuevos Temas, Nuevos Desafíos (pp. 19-72). Buenos Aires: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales.
Santos, M. (2004). A natureza do espaço: técnica e tempo - razão e emoção. São Paulo: Hucitec.
Saraiva, M. G. (2012). Integration Processes in South America and the Role of Brazil: the Cases of Mercosur and Unasur. Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacionals, 97/98, 87-100.
Saraiva, M. G. (2022). Bicentenary of Independence: Brazil and South America. Revista da Escola Superior de Guerra, 37(81), 136-149.
Saraiva, M. G. (2022). South America at the Core of Brazilian Foreign Policy During Bolsonaro’s Administration (2019-2022). Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 65(2), 1-20.
SECEM. (2023). Mercosur Foreign Trade Statistics System. Retrieve October 16, 2023, from https://estadisticas.mercosur.int/?language=pt
Simões, T. H. N., & Garcia, T. S. L. (2022). MERCOSUL aos trinta anos: geopolítica, avanços, impasses e desafios. In Costa, W. M., & Garcia, T.S.L. (Eds.). América do Sul: geopolítica, arranjos regionais e relações internacionais (pp. 14-45). São Paulo: FFLCH/USP, 95-119.
Soler, L. M. (2015). Golpes de Estado en el siglo XXI: un ejercicio comparado Haití (2004), Honduras (2009) y Paraguay (2012). Cadernos Prolam/USP, 14(26), 79-92.
World Bank. (2024). “Indicators.” The World Bank Group. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator