Promotion of LGBT Human Rights in the United States during the Obama Administration (2009-2016)
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Published:
Jun 30, 2017
Keywords:
President Obama The United States of America US Foreign Policy Gay Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) LGBT Human Rights
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Abstract
This research study surveys the promotion of the rights of Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) people in the United States under the administration of President Barack Obama (2009-2017). It aims to explore President Obama’s policies both at the national and international levels. This study uses a qualitative research method by means of documentary review. Research finds that the Obama Administration initiated several regulatory, diplomatic, and legal actions in an attempt to eliminate discrimination against the LGBT community. The US has also been a lead advocate for LGBT rights in international fora. Nevertheless, these efforts can also be seen as a camouflage for its human rights abuse in other areas.
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How to Cite
Nitiwana, C., & Leerasiri, W. (2017). Promotion of LGBT Human Rights in the United States during the Obama Administration (2009-2016). Political Science and Public Administration Journal, 8(1), 1–32. Retrieved from https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/polscicmujournal/article/view/91305
Section
Research Article
- เนื้อหาและข้อมูลที่ลงตีพิมพ์ในวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ถือเป็นข้อคิดเห็นและความรับผิดชอบของผู้เขียนบทความโดยตรง ซึ่งกองบรรณาธิการวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ ไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วย หรือร่วมรับผิดชอบใดๆ
- บทความและข้อมูล ที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ในวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ ถือเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสาร หากบุคคลหรือหน่วยงานใดต้องการนำข้อมูลไปใช้ประโยชน์ในทางวิชาการ ขอให้อ้างอิงแหล่งที่มาด้วย
References
ภาษาไทย
กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ. (ม.ป.ป). กติการะหว่างประเทศว่าด้วยสิทธิพลเมืองและสิทธิทางการเมือง. จาก https://humanrights.mfa.go.th/upload/pdf/iccprt.pdf
ประชาไท. (2551, 21 พฤษภาคม). ชี้ “หลักการยอกยาการ์ตา”ปฏิบัติไม่ได้ถ้าจิตสำนึกประชาธิปไตย ยังไม่เกิด. ประชาไท. จาก https://prachatai.com/node/16766/talk
บุษกร สุริยสาร. (2557). อัตลักษณ์และเพศวิถีทางเพศในประเทศไทย. กรุงเทพฯ: องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ.
พิมพ์สิริ เพชรน้ำรอบ. (2556). 1969 ถึง 2013: 44 ปีของสิทธิ LGBT ในสหรัฐอเมริกา. จาก https://prachatai.com/journal/2013/07/47478
องค์การนิโทษกรรมสากล. (2559, 13 มกราคม). 14 ปี คุกกวนตานาโม สัญลักษณ์แห่งการละเมิด สิทธิมนุษยชนของสหรัฐอเมริกา. จาก https://www.amnesty.or.th/news/press/726
อุดมศักดิ์ สินธิพงษ์. (2555). สิทธิมนุษยชน. กรุงเทพฯ: วิญญูชน.
ภาษาอังกฤษ
Beech, E. (2016, June 2). Obama Says Transgender Bathroom Directive Based on Law. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-lgbt-idUSKCN0YO03Y
Bendery, J. (2015, September 6). Pentagon Adds “Sexual Orientation” to Military’s Anti-Discrimination Policy. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/09/military-policylgbt_n_
7545326.html
Clinton, H. R. (2011). Remarks in Recognition of International Human Rights Day. US Department of State, 6. Retrieved from https://photos.state.gov/libraries/belize/231771/PDFs/Remarks%20in%20Recognition%20of%20International% 20Human%20Rights%20Day.pdf
CNN Politics. (2009, October 28). Obama signs hate crimes bill into law. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/28/hate.crimes/
Cornell University. (2006). 1950s-1960s Homophile Movement. Retrieved from https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/HRC/exhibition/stage/stage_3.html
Davison, P. (2011, August 8). Rudolf Brazda: Last Known Survivor of the “Pink Triangle” Gay Inmates of Nazi Concentration Camps. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/ news/obituaries/rud
olf-brazda-last-known-survivor-of-the-pink-triangle-gay-inmates-of-nazi-concentration-camps-2334053.html
De Vries, K. (2015, June 30). White House shines rainbow colors to hail same-sex marriage ruling. CNN Politics. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/26/politics/white-house-rainbow-marriage/
Department of Justice. (2015). The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act Of 2009. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/crt/matthew-shepard-and-james-byrd-jr-hate-crimes-prevention-act-2009-0
Dewey, C. (2015, June 29). More than 26 million people have changed their Facebook picture to a rainbow flag. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/06/
29/more-than-26-million-people-have-changed-their-facebook-picture-to-a-rainbow-flag-heres-why-that-matters/?utm_term=.c4bf7e1e6e33
Encarnación, O. G. (2014). Gay rights: Why democracy matters. Journal of Democracy, 25 (3), 90-104.
Flores, A. (2014). National trends in public opinion on LGBT rights in the United States. The Williams Institute.
Flynn, K. (2015, June, 26) How #LoveWins on Twitter become the most viral hashtag of the same-sex marriage ruling. International Business Time. Retrieved from https://www.ibtimes.com/how-lovewins-twitter-became-most-viral-hashtag-same-sex-marriage-ruling-1986279
Franke, K. (2012). Date the State: The Moral Hazards of Winning Gay Rights. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 44 (1), 1-46.
Garunay, M. (2016, June 16). President Obama on the Tragic Shooting in Orlando. Whitehouse. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/06/12/president-obama-tragic-shooting-orlando
Gibson, Z. (2015, April, 8). Obama calls for end to “conversion” therapies for gay and transgender youth. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/us/politics/obama-to-call-for-end-to-conversion-therapies-for-gay-and-transgender-youth.html?_r=0
Gross, A. (2015). The Politics of LGBT Rights in Israel and Beyond: Nationality, Normativity, and Queer Politics. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 46 (2), 81-152.
Hari, J. (2011, May 25). The Strange, Strange Story of the Gay Fascists. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/johann-hari/the-strange-strange-story_b_136697.html
Harvard Law Review. (2015, February 10). Exec. Order No. 13,672. Retrieved from https://harvardlawreview.org/2015/02/exec-order-no-13672/.
Henning, W. J. (2015, June 30). US Military to allow transgender men and women to serve openly. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pentagon-transgender-ban-20160630-snap-story.html
Holmes, K. (2015, September 18). Obama Nominates Openly Gay Ma To Lead Army. CNN Politics. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/18/politics/eric-fanning-secretary-of-the-army/.
HRC Staff. (2015, August 4). U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam Ted Osius and Clayton Bond Celebrated as Vietnam’s Gay Power Couple. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/blog/u.s.-ambassador-to-vietnam-ted-osius-and-clayton-bond-celebrated-as-vietnam.
Human Rights Campaign. (n.d.). The Lies and Dangers of Efforts to Change Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-lies-and-dangers-of-reparative-therapy.
Korte, G. (2015, June 26). Obama: Gay Marriage ruling is “a victory for America” USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/ 2015/06/26/obama-gay-marriage-ruling/29328755/.
Leiro, S. (2016). President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument. Whitehouse. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ blog/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument.
Mass Shooting at Orlando Nightclub. (2016). CBS News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/mass-shooting-at-orlando-nightclub/
McThomas, M. and Buchanan, R. J. (2012). President Obama and Gay Rights: The 2008 and 2012 Presidential Elections. PS: Political Science & Politics, 45 (03), 442-448.
Moreau. J. (2017, January 27). Future Uncertain For LGBTQ Employment Protections. NBC News. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/future-uncertain-lgbtq-employment-protections-n712936
Obama calls for end to “gay conversion therapies” (2015, April 9). BBC US&Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32227353.
Picq, M. and Thiel, M. (2015). Sexualities In World Politics: How LGBTQ Claims Shape International Relations. Routledge: New York.
Reilly, M. (2016, March 31). Same-sex couples can now adopt children in all 50 states. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mississippi-same-sex-adoption_us_56fdb1a3e4b083f5c607567f.
Reynolds, A. (2013). Representation and Rights: The Impact of LGBT Legislators in Comparative Perspective. American Political Science Review, 107 (02), 259-274.
Rizzo, J. and Cohen, Z. (2016, July 1). Pentagon Ends Transgender Ban. CNN Politics. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/30/politics/ transgender-ban-lifted-us-military/.
Russell, G. M. (2004). Surviving and Thriving in the Mist of Anti-Gay Politics. Angeles, 7 (2), 1-8.
Schacter, J. S. (2010). Capacity and Context: LGBT Rights and the Obama Administration's First Year. Stan. JCR & CL, 6, 147.
Shear, M. D., and Stolberg, S. G. (2011, Feb 24). Gay marriage seems to wane as conservative issue. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/ us/politics/25marriage.html.
Tatchell, P. (May 5, 2015). The Nazi Doctor Who Experimented on GayPeople-and Britain Helped to Escape Justice. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/nazi-doctor-gay-people-carl-vaernet-escaped-justice-danish.
The White House. (2011, December 6). FACT SHEET: Working to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Person Globally. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.
gov/The-Press-Office/2011/12/06/Fact-Sheet-Working-Advance-Human-Rights-Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual- And-Transge
กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ. (ม.ป.ป). กติการะหว่างประเทศว่าด้วยสิทธิพลเมืองและสิทธิทางการเมือง. จาก https://humanrights.mfa.go.th/upload/pdf/iccprt.pdf
ประชาไท. (2551, 21 พฤษภาคม). ชี้ “หลักการยอกยาการ์ตา”ปฏิบัติไม่ได้ถ้าจิตสำนึกประชาธิปไตย ยังไม่เกิด. ประชาไท. จาก https://prachatai.com/node/16766/talk
บุษกร สุริยสาร. (2557). อัตลักษณ์และเพศวิถีทางเพศในประเทศไทย. กรุงเทพฯ: องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ.
พิมพ์สิริ เพชรน้ำรอบ. (2556). 1969 ถึง 2013: 44 ปีของสิทธิ LGBT ในสหรัฐอเมริกา. จาก https://prachatai.com/journal/2013/07/47478
องค์การนิโทษกรรมสากล. (2559, 13 มกราคม). 14 ปี คุกกวนตานาโม สัญลักษณ์แห่งการละเมิด สิทธิมนุษยชนของสหรัฐอเมริกา. จาก https://www.amnesty.or.th/news/press/726
อุดมศักดิ์ สินธิพงษ์. (2555). สิทธิมนุษยชน. กรุงเทพฯ: วิญญูชน.
ภาษาอังกฤษ
Beech, E. (2016, June 2). Obama Says Transgender Bathroom Directive Based on Law. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-lgbt-idUSKCN0YO03Y
Bendery, J. (2015, September 6). Pentagon Adds “Sexual Orientation” to Military’s Anti-Discrimination Policy. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/09/military-policylgbt_n_
7545326.html
Clinton, H. R. (2011). Remarks in Recognition of International Human Rights Day. US Department of State, 6. Retrieved from https://photos.state.gov/libraries/belize/231771/PDFs/Remarks%20in%20Recognition%20of%20International% 20Human%20Rights%20Day.pdf
CNN Politics. (2009, October 28). Obama signs hate crimes bill into law. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/28/hate.crimes/
Cornell University. (2006). 1950s-1960s Homophile Movement. Retrieved from https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/HRC/exhibition/stage/stage_3.html
Davison, P. (2011, August 8). Rudolf Brazda: Last Known Survivor of the “Pink Triangle” Gay Inmates of Nazi Concentration Camps. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/ news/obituaries/rud
olf-brazda-last-known-survivor-of-the-pink-triangle-gay-inmates-of-nazi-concentration-camps-2334053.html
De Vries, K. (2015, June 30). White House shines rainbow colors to hail same-sex marriage ruling. CNN Politics. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/26/politics/white-house-rainbow-marriage/
Department of Justice. (2015). The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act Of 2009. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/crt/matthew-shepard-and-james-byrd-jr-hate-crimes-prevention-act-2009-0
Dewey, C. (2015, June 29). More than 26 million people have changed their Facebook picture to a rainbow flag. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/06/
29/more-than-26-million-people-have-changed-their-facebook-picture-to-a-rainbow-flag-heres-why-that-matters/?utm_term=.c4bf7e1e6e33
Encarnación, O. G. (2014). Gay rights: Why democracy matters. Journal of Democracy, 25 (3), 90-104.
Flores, A. (2014). National trends in public opinion on LGBT rights in the United States. The Williams Institute.
Flynn, K. (2015, June, 26) How #LoveWins on Twitter become the most viral hashtag of the same-sex marriage ruling. International Business Time. Retrieved from https://www.ibtimes.com/how-lovewins-twitter-became-most-viral-hashtag-same-sex-marriage-ruling-1986279
Franke, K. (2012). Date the State: The Moral Hazards of Winning Gay Rights. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 44 (1), 1-46.
Garunay, M. (2016, June 16). President Obama on the Tragic Shooting in Orlando. Whitehouse. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/06/12/president-obama-tragic-shooting-orlando
Gibson, Z. (2015, April, 8). Obama calls for end to “conversion” therapies for gay and transgender youth. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/us/politics/obama-to-call-for-end-to-conversion-therapies-for-gay-and-transgender-youth.html?_r=0
Gross, A. (2015). The Politics of LGBT Rights in Israel and Beyond: Nationality, Normativity, and Queer Politics. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 46 (2), 81-152.
Hari, J. (2011, May 25). The Strange, Strange Story of the Gay Fascists. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/johann-hari/the-strange-strange-story_b_136697.html
Harvard Law Review. (2015, February 10). Exec. Order No. 13,672. Retrieved from https://harvardlawreview.org/2015/02/exec-order-no-13672/.
Henning, W. J. (2015, June 30). US Military to allow transgender men and women to serve openly. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pentagon-transgender-ban-20160630-snap-story.html
Holmes, K. (2015, September 18). Obama Nominates Openly Gay Ma To Lead Army. CNN Politics. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/18/politics/eric-fanning-secretary-of-the-army/.
HRC Staff. (2015, August 4). U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam Ted Osius and Clayton Bond Celebrated as Vietnam’s Gay Power Couple. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/blog/u.s.-ambassador-to-vietnam-ted-osius-and-clayton-bond-celebrated-as-vietnam.
Human Rights Campaign. (n.d.). The Lies and Dangers of Efforts to Change Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-lies-and-dangers-of-reparative-therapy.
Korte, G. (2015, June 26). Obama: Gay Marriage ruling is “a victory for America” USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/ 2015/06/26/obama-gay-marriage-ruling/29328755/.
Leiro, S. (2016). President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument. Whitehouse. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ blog/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument.
Mass Shooting at Orlando Nightclub. (2016). CBS News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/mass-shooting-at-orlando-nightclub/
McThomas, M. and Buchanan, R. J. (2012). President Obama and Gay Rights: The 2008 and 2012 Presidential Elections. PS: Political Science & Politics, 45 (03), 442-448.
Moreau. J. (2017, January 27). Future Uncertain For LGBTQ Employment Protections. NBC News. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/future-uncertain-lgbtq-employment-protections-n712936
Obama calls for end to “gay conversion therapies” (2015, April 9). BBC US&Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32227353.
Picq, M. and Thiel, M. (2015). Sexualities In World Politics: How LGBTQ Claims Shape International Relations. Routledge: New York.
Reilly, M. (2016, March 31). Same-sex couples can now adopt children in all 50 states. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mississippi-same-sex-adoption_us_56fdb1a3e4b083f5c607567f.
Reynolds, A. (2013). Representation and Rights: The Impact of LGBT Legislators in Comparative Perspective. American Political Science Review, 107 (02), 259-274.
Rizzo, J. and Cohen, Z. (2016, July 1). Pentagon Ends Transgender Ban. CNN Politics. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/30/politics/ transgender-ban-lifted-us-military/.
Russell, G. M. (2004). Surviving and Thriving in the Mist of Anti-Gay Politics. Angeles, 7 (2), 1-8.
Schacter, J. S. (2010). Capacity and Context: LGBT Rights and the Obama Administration's First Year. Stan. JCR & CL, 6, 147.
Shear, M. D., and Stolberg, S. G. (2011, Feb 24). Gay marriage seems to wane as conservative issue. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/ us/politics/25marriage.html.
Tatchell, P. (May 5, 2015). The Nazi Doctor Who Experimented on GayPeople-and Britain Helped to Escape Justice. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/nazi-doctor-gay-people-carl-vaernet-escaped-justice-danish.
The White House. (2011, December 6). FACT SHEET: Working to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Person Globally. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.
gov/The-Press-Office/2011/12/06/Fact-Sheet-Working-Advance-Human-Rights-Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual- And-Transge