Analysis of Buddhism Cosmology of Pong Sanuk Temple, Lampang

Abstract

This study examines Buddhist cosmological meanings expressed through the layout and architectural components of Pong Sanuk Temple in Lampang Province. The objective is to propose several interpretations explaining the relationship between the temple’s physical form and Buddhist cosmology more coherently than previous explanations. The study drew upon historical records, architectural evidence, previous studies, and Buddhist cosmological texts, which were analyzed in relation to one another.

The findings suggest that the mound (Mon Doi), a distinctive feature of the temple, can be recognized as a representation of Mount Meru. The principal structures on the mound, namely the stupa and Vihara Phra Chao Phan Ong, may be interpreted in relation to key elements in Tavatimsa  Heaven. The stupa may be regarded as a representation of Chula Mani Stupa, while Phra Chao Phan Ong Vihara may be assumed as the replica of Sudhammabhakayasabha Assembly Hall (a dhammasala). In addition, the division of the temple into northern and southern sections may reflect the cosmological significance of Uttarakuru Dvipa and Chomphu Dvipa, the Northern and the Southern continents respectively, whose roles are aligned with those historical ones of Pong Sanuk as an important center for Buddhist studies during the twenty-fourth Buddhist century.

Unlike previous studies that mainly interpreted the mound as a representation of Mount Meru, this study proposes that the architectural components should be considered together as an interconnected system of meanings associated with Tavatimsa Heaven and the temple’s role as a place of Buddhist studies. The findings indicate that Buddhist cosmological concepts in Lanna architecture were not transmitted through rigid replication of conventional cosmological models but were selectively adapted to suit local contexts and religious functions.