The Four Holy Places of Buddhism in the Isan Local Artisan Tradition: A Case Study of Wat Latthikkawan, Wan Yai District, Mukdahan Province

Abstract

The Four Holy Places of Buddhism—Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Kushinagar—are sacred sites marking the Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, first sermon, and parinirvana. In northeastern Thailand (Isan), these places are interpreted through local wisdom and context, producing distinctive regional forms. This study examines the design concept of the Four Holy Places in the Isan local artisan tradition at Wat Latthikkawan, Wan Yai District, Mukdahan Province, because it is a Buddhist site with complete replicas and is believed to contain the oldest stucco example of this tradition in the region. The work is attributed to Phra Khru Bu Nantavaro, a key figure in Isan art. Using documentary research, field survey, and physical documentation, the study analyzes spatial composition, sculptural forms, and architecture in conveying Buddhist doctrine and devotion.

Findings show a spatial sequence linked to the Buddha’s life narrative, evoking reflection. The arrangement moves from open to enclosed spaces, beginning with freestanding outdoor sculptures integrated with the natural landscape and later developing into roofed structures for conservation. These features reflect the Isan artisan tradition: creative autonomy, blending folk art with Buddhist art, and sculpture as a medium for doctrine and faith. Thus, Wat Latthikkawan is both a symbolic religious site and a learning space for Buddhist site design.