Physical Development of Maha Chulalongkorn Building

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the physical development of the Maha Chulalongkorn Building, the first administrative and academic building of Chulalongkorn University. The study focuses on analyzing factors and issues affecting the building’s physical characteristics in terms of architecture, structure, and related building systems. Data were collected through interviews, documentary research, and field surveys, and subsequently analyzed and synthesized into a three-dimensional model to illustrate physical changes over different periods.

The findings indicate that the physical development of the Maha Chulalongkorn Building can be divided into three major phases. The first phase, the construction period (1914–1919), was influenced by design requirements emphasizing a new form of Thai architecture that is fire-resistant and cost-efficient. As a result, the building features Thai architectural characteristics influenced by Sukhothai art, a two-story reinforced concrete structure, a Western layout, the use of precast components, and the integration of building systems into the architectural design.

The second phase, renovation in 1996, was driven by structural settlement caused by the decline of groundwater levels in Bangkok due to excessive groundwater extraction. This led to settlement of the floating foundation system and damage to building components. In addition, functional changes from classrooms to meeting and ceremonial spaces required modifications, including the replacement of the foundation system with bored piles, structural repairs, the addition of restrooms, and the installation of an air-cooled chiller system.

The third phase, renovation in 2023, aimed to enhance the efficiency of meeting and ceremonial spaces and improve accessibility for elderly and disabled users. Renovations included the installation of new ceiling systems to accommodate mechanical, electrical, communication, and sanitary systems, as well as the addition of restrooms, elevators, and ramps. The overall architectural elements were also improved.

This study provides a significant database that enhances the understanding of the building’s physical development across different periods, contributing to architectural conservation and future architectural design studies.