Health Impacts and Cost Assessment of Fine Particulate Matter Formation from Rice Straw Utilization in Thailand
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Abstract
Air pollution problems attributed to open burning of agricultural wastes have constantly affected the air quality and subsequently the human health in Thailand. To take advantage of the resource potential in rice straw, several alternative management practices have been carried out in Thailand. Hence, it is imperative to evaluate the potential health impacts of fine particulate matter emitted from the different rice straw utilization techniques. Thai spatially differentiated characterization factors were determined and applied to characterize the damage on human health related with PM2.5 emission from the selected rice straw utilization scenarios. The results of the study depicted that open burning of the total rice straw generated increases health impact by 81.1% compared to Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario, which supports the effectiveness of the different agricultural residue management methods integrated in the BAU scenario instead of open burning 100% of the rice straw generated. Furthermore, assessing the impact of alternative scenarios demonstrated that adopting rice straw management techniques such as fertilizer, animal feed and electricity production individually also can reduce health damage efficiently as compared to open burning. The BAU scenario extended vast economic benefit of 242 billion THB, compared to 100% open burning of rice straw. In addition, each of the alternative scenarios (except open burning) also provided large economic benefit in comparison with BAU scenario. Hence, both the health impact and economic benefit assessments were able to corroborate the efficiency of alternative rice straw utilization techniques in comparison to open burning, both when integrated or carried out individually. Due to the use of Thai spatially differentiated characterization factors, the study was able to project results specific to the context of Thailand.
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References
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