UNESCO Factors Affecting Building Phayao Learning City of Thailand: An Opinion from the Senior Citizens
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
UNESCO promotes learning cities and lifelong learning to assure sustainable resilience of community in a fast changing world. There are six dimensions affecting building a learning city according to UNESCO: planning, involvement, accessibility, monitoring and evaluation, celebration, and funding. Phayao Learning City has applied these dimensions in this framework, and this paper analyses the opinion of senior citizens in Phayao Province’s about UNESCO’s input on Phayao Learning City. There were 34 senior Phayao citizens who answered questionnaires derived from UNESCO’s factor affecting Learning City. The statistical analysis of mean, S.D., and causal relationship were calculated. Another 15 subjects were asked to participate in the interview. Thematic analyses with theme-rhyme analysis were used for the interview data. The results, unlike most previous studies, have shown that the seniors mentioned ‘Accessibility’ as the most important factor for both lifelong learning and learning city. This factor received a positive direct effect (DE) (DE = 0.843) from ‘Celebration’ and positive indirect effect (IE) from ‘Planning’ (IE = 0.329) and ‘Involvement’ (IE = 0.195). On the contrary, ‘Funding’ showed a negative direct effect on ‘Accessibility’ (DE = -0.269). This means that funding is a hidden obstacle on building Phayao Learning City. The interview’s results also supported data from the questionnaires. The results suggested that building Phayao Learning City requires a combination of factors.
Article Details
Copyright
Connexion: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences has an exclusive right to publish the accepted articles in any form. However, the author retains the following rights:
1. The right to the ownership of the article;
2. The right to use all or part of the article in his/her other works;
3. The right to re-produce the article for personal use or for use in the author’s organisation, in which case the author must obtain permission from Connexion: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences;
4. The right to make copies of all or part of the work for educational use or for the author’s use in classroom teaching; and
5. The right to include the work (both the preprinted and printed versions) in an institutional repository.
References
Bai, Z., Wang, Z., Shao, T., Qin X., & Hu, Z. (2020) Relationship between individual social capital and functional ability among older people in Anhui Province, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 2775.
Biesta, G. (2014) Is philosophy of education a historical mistake? Connecting philosophy and education differently, Theory and Research in Education, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 65-76.
Brennan, J., & Cochrane, A. (2019) Universities: In, of, and beyond their cities, Oxford Review of Education, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 188-203.
Butsaba, P. (2013) Guidelines of organizing lifelong learning activities to enhance being the city of reading (แนวทางการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้ตลอดชีวิตเพื่อส่งเสริมความเป็นเมืองแห่งการอ่าน), Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. (in Thai)
Carrillo, F. J., Yigitcanlar, T., Garcia, B., & Lönnqvist, A. (2018) Knowledge and the city: Concepts, applications and trends of knowledge-based, New York: Routledge.
Dijkstra, L., & Poelman, H. (2014) A harmonized definition of cities and rural areas: The new degree of urbanization, Available: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/work/2014_01_new_urban.pdf [31 May 2021]
Edgerton, J., Roberts, L., & von Below, S. (2012) ‘Education and quality of life’, in K. C. Land et al. (eds.), Handbook of social indicators and quality of life research, pp. 265-296, Netherlands: Springer.
Facer, K., & Buchczyk, M. (2019a) Towards a research agenda for the ‘actually existing’ Learning City, Oxford Review of Education, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 151-167.
Facer, K., & Buchczyk, M. (2019b) Understanding learning cities as discursive, material and affective infrastructures, Oxford Review of Education, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 168-187.
Fenton, P. (2016) Sustainability · strategy · Space: exploring influences on governing for urban sustainability in municipalities, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press.
Fenton, P., Gustafsson, S., Ivner, J., & Palm, J. (2016) Stakeholder participation in municipal energy and climate planning - experiences from Sweden, Local Environment, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 272-289.
Garcia, A. M., Sante, I., Miranda, D., & Crecente, R. (2009) Analysis of factors influencing urban growth patterns on small towns, Proceedings of the 2nd WSEAS International Conference on Urban Planning and Transportation, pp. 99-104, July 22-24, 2009, Rodos, Greece: WSEAS Press.
Gough, S., Walker, K., & Scott, W. (2001) Lifelong learning: Towards a theory of practice for formal and non-formal environmental education and training, Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, vol. 6, pp. 178-196.
Hannah, R., & Roser, M. (2018) Urbanization, Available: https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization [31 May 2021]
Ionela, A. M. (2012) The role of lifelong learning in the growth of employment and labour efficiency: The case of Romania, Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 46, pp. 4399-4403.
Jakkapattarawong, S., Kalayanamitra, K., Muensai, S., & Hiranbirana, S. (2018) The participation of the community in cultural and environmental conservation for sustainable tourism: Case study in Samphanthawong District, Bangkok (การมีส่วนร่วมในการอนุรักษ์วัฒนธรรมและสิ่งแวดล้อมของชุมชนเพื่อการท่องเที่ยวอย่างยั่งยืนศึกษากรณีเขตสัมพันธวงศ์ กรุงเทพมหานคร), VRU Research and Development Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 283-295. (in Thai)
Kalayanamitra, K., Jakkapattarawong, S., & Srison, W. (2020) The community residents’ participation in the development of sufficiency economy village: A case study of Hua Dong Sub-district, Mueang District, Phichit Province (การมีส่วนร่วมของชุมชนในการพัฒนาหมู่บ้านเศรษฐกิจพอเพียง: กรณีศึกษาชุมชนตําบลหัวดง อําเภอเมือง จังหวัดพิจิตร), Rajapark Journal, vol. 14, no. 34, pp. 66-85. (in Thai)
Kao-un, S., Dararuang, K., & Sitipongpittaya, S. (2018) Development of effectiveness management on eco-city of subdistrict municipalities at Chanthaburi Province (การพัฒนาการบริหารจัดการเมืองน่าอยู่ที่มีประสิทธิผลของเทศบาลตำบลในจังหวัดจันทบุรี), The Journal of Faculty of Applied Arts, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 106-117. (in Thai)
Kaplan, R., Spittel, M., & Zeno, T. (2014) Educational attainment and life expectancy, Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 189-194.
Mangkhang, C. (2017) Community potentials and citizen participation in ecotourism management Ban Mea Kam Pong, Chiang Mai (ศักยภาพชุมชนและการมีส่วนร่วมพลเมืองในการจัดการการท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศสู่การเป็นแหล่งเรียนรู้วิสาหกิจชุมชนบ้านแม่กำปอง จังหวัดเชียงใหม่), MFU Connexion: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 265-294. (in Thai)
Masatienwong, C., Nongtrud, S., Vayachuta, P., & Nimkhathavut, K. (2019) Learning community development based on brain-based learning (การพัฒนาชุมชนแห่งการเรียนรู้ตามหลักการเรียนรู้โดยใช้สมองเป็นฐาน), Journal of Yanasangvorn Research Institute, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 41-57. (in Thai)
May, T., & Perry, B. (2018) Cities and knowledge economy: Promise, politics, and possibilities, London: Routledge.
McQuaid, R. W. (1996) Lifelong learning and local economic development, Edinburgh: Napier University.
Medhaakkharakiat, P., & Siriwong, P. (2019) Thai education 4.0: Practical discourse in the context of educational management for sustainable development of the Office of the Basic Education Commission (การศึกษาไทย 4.0: ภาคปฏิบัติทางวาทกรรมในบริบทการจัดการศึกษาเพื่อการพัฒนาที่ยั่งยืนของสำนักงานคณะกรรมการการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน), Veridian, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 902-925. (in Thai)
Meyeong, S., Jung, Y., & Lee, E. (2018) A study on determinant factors in Smart City development: An analytic hierarchy process analysis, Sustainability, vol. 10, pp. 1-17.
Narkkong, W., Rukpollmuang, C., & Nakornthap, A. (2016) Guidelines for the development of learning centers in accordance with the Bangkok metropolitan administration strategy (แนวทางการพัฒนาแหล่งเรียนรู้ตามยุทธศาสตร์ของกรุงเทพมหานคร), Journal of Education Studies, Chulalongkorn University, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 194-211. (in Thai)
Nasaree, A., Pakhotang, J., Asawapoom, S., & Ratree, W. (2014) Strategies to develop Ubon Ratchathani City Municipality as a learning city (การพัฒนายุทธศาสตร์ในการพัฒนาเทศบาลนครอุบลราชธานีสู่เมืองแห่งการเรียนรู้), Journal of Education Graduate Studies Research Khon Kaen University, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 233-242. (in Thai)
National Statistical Office of Thailand. (2019) Informal labors information (ข้อมูลแรงงานนอกระบบ) Available: http://phayao.nso.go.th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=439 [9 July 2020] (in Thai)
Pechpakdee, P. (2018) Factors of secondary cities in the Northeast Thailand (ปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อความเป็นเมืองอันดับสองในภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ), JSOC, Faculty of Social Sciences Srinakharinwirot University, vol. 21, pp. 159-173. (in Thai)
Pongpattanasiri, S., Pinmongkonkul, S., Satchawattana, K., Muenrew, J., & Butdasui, W. (2013) A survey on the potentiality capital and development directions of Phayao Province (โครงการการศึกษาสำรวจสภาวะต้นทุนศักยภาพและทิศทางการพัฒนา จังหวัดพะเยา), Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Phayao, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-8. (in Thai)
Rainer, S. (2014) Social participation and social engagement of elderly people, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 116, pp. 780-785.
Rungwicha, P., Wongthanavasu, S., & Pholsim, S. (2020) Smart city development: Foreign experiences and recommendations for Thailand (การพัฒนาเมืองอัจฉริยะ: บทเรียนจากต่างแดนสู่ข้อเสนอแนะต่อประเทศไทย), Journal of Legal Entity Management and Local Innovation, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 165-180. (in Thai)
Sajjasophon, R. (2012) The scenario of a learning city model based on the lifelong learning concept to develop the active aging of Thai elderly (อนาคตภาพรูปแบบเมืองแห่งการเรียนรู้ตามแนวคิดการเรียนรู้ตลอดชีวิตเพื่อพัฒนาภาวะพฤฒิพลังของผู้สูงอายุไทย), Doctor dissertation, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. (in Thai)
Steinbrecher, J., Salg, J., & Starzetz, J. (2018) The smart city as a solution to municipal challenges?, KfW Research Focus on Economics, vol. 16, no. 204, pp. 1-7.
Sun, L., Liu, W., Li, Z., Cai, B., Fujii, M., Luo, X., Chen, W., Geng, Y., Fujita, T., & Le, Y. (2021) Spatial and structural characteristics of CO2 emissions in East Asian megacities and its indication for low-carbon city development, Applied Energy, vol. 284, pp. 116400.
Tegtmeier, K. (2011) Factors the cause growth and development in the City of Lincoln, NE, Undergraduate Student Theses, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Developmet). (2020) Handbook of statistics 2020 - population, Geneva: United Nations, Available: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat45_en.pdf [31 May 2021]
UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1998) World declaration on higher education for the twenty-first century: Vision and action, Paris: UNESCO Division of Higher Education, Available: http://www.unesco.org/education/eduprog/wche/declaration____eng.htm#20daclaration [9 July 2015]
UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2015) UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC) membership concept note, Available: https://www.bic.moe.go.th/images/stories/pdf/GNLC-Membership_Concept_Note_8-5-2563.pdf [9 July 2020]
UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2017) Guidelines for building learning cities, Available: https://uil.unesco.org/fileadmin/keydocuments/LifelongLearning/learning-cities/en-guidelines-for-building-learning-cities.pdf [9 July 2020]
Williams, M. (2005) Environmental education and lifelong learning: Awareness to action, The GeoJournal Library book series (GEJL), vol. 81, pp. 197-213.
Wises, S., & Chantima, C. (2016) The procedure to formulate the charter on natural resource management by public deliberation: Case study on Phayao Lake, Journal of MCU Peace Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 38-56.
Wongchampa, P., Wises, S., & Chantima, C. (2016) The proposal development and substantial reform in Thailand of political factions in Phayao Province (การพัฒนาข้อเสนอและรูปธรรมของการปฏิรูปประเทศไทยของกลุ่มการเมืองในจังหวัดพะเยา), Journal of MCU Social Science Review, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 107-123. (in Thai)