AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE PATTERN OF RESOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF THE SECULAR AND PANNATTI RULES IN THE VINAYA PITAKA

Abstract

Abstract

         This research article aims to 1) study the rules of discipline (sikkhāpada) categorized as Lokavajja and Paññattivajja in the Vinaya Pitaka 2) examine the patterns of resolving issues related to the transgression of these sikkhāpada and 3) analyze the patterns of problem-solving concerning the Lokavajja and Paññattivajja rules within the Vinaya Pitaka. This study employs a qualitative research methodology, utilizing primary sources the Vinaya Pitaka and secondary sources including commentaries (Atthakathā), sub-commentaries (Ṭīkā and Anuṭīkā), academic works, research papers, and other relevant documents. The collected data were synthesized, analyzed, and presented through a descriptive and inductive analytic approach.

          The research findings reveal that 1) Lokavajja refers to offenses considered blameworthy by the world, arising from immoral intentions, such as those involving acts of killing, stealing, or sexual misconduct. In contrast, Paññattivajja refers to offenses that do not cause harm to laypeople but are regarded as transgressions of the monastic code, being strictly offenses against the Vinaya itself. 2) The resolution of these transgressions can be categorized into two principal patterns: (1) Normal procedures, in which the offender confesses and undergoes expiation according to the rules; and (2) Exceptional procedures, which apply when the offender refuses to cooperate. In such cases, the Vinaya Pitaka prescribes a conflict-resolution framework known as the seven methods of settling disputes. 3) When comparing these traditional frameworks with modern contexts, the study finds that the disciplinary resolutions in the Buddha’s time were systematic and well-defined. However, in the contemporary Sangha, the approaches to handling disciplinary violations have evolved considerably, reflecting changes in monastic administration and social conditions.