Effect of Mindfulness of Breathing Meditation Practice and Binaural Beats on Emotion Regulation: Behavioral and EEG Studies
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Published:
Jan 1, 2020
Keywords:
meditation binaural beats brain wave emotion regulation
Main Article Content
Abstract
Meditation is very important to human life. It creates physical and mental balancing. This research, therefore, aimed to develop mindfulness on breathing along with listening to binaural beats, and to study the effect of the proposed method on emotional control. The effect of the proposed method was compared with the normal mindfulness on breathing (control group) by considering on the emotion regulation score and the EEG power spectrum. Forty-two volunteer students, aged 18-23 years old, participated in this study. All of them were randomly assigned into two groups; 21 students in experimental group and 21 students in control group. The students in experimental group was trained to follow the mindfulness on breathing along with listening to binaural beatsand control group practiced the normal mindfulness on breathing meditation. The research instruments consisted of an emotion regulation self-assessment and EEG recording in Neuroscan system. The descriptive statistics and t-test were analyzed in this study.
The research results show that:
- The mindfulness on breathing along with listening to binaural beats and normal mindfulness on breathing meditation significantly effected on emotion regulation scores and also changing in brain waves.
- The results on emotional regulation showed that (1) there was significantly different on impulse control difficulties scores between 2 groups in pre-experimental stage, (2) the students in control group demonstrated significantly higher emotional regulation scores in 6 aspects after completing practicing period.
- The result on EEG waves in post test showed that (1) there were significant different in theta wave at three points of electrodes in baseline stage, including FZ, TP7 and CP1, (2) both groups did not present difference in alpha wave at baseline stage.
In conclusion, the mindfulness on breathing meditation with binaural beats does not have an effect on the changing of theta and alpha wave.
Article Details
Section
บทความวิจัย (Research Articles)
ผลงานที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ถือเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารวิทยาการวิจัยและวิทยาการปัญญา
References
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Abeln, V., Kleinert, J., Struder, H. K., & Schneider, S. (2014). Brainwave entrainment for better sleep and post-sleep state of young elite soccer players - a pilot study. Eur J Sport Sci, 14(5), 393-402. doi:10.1080/17461391.2013.819384
Ala, T. S., Ahmadi-Pajouh, M. A., & Nasrabadi, A. M. (2018). Cumulative effects of theta binaural beats on brain power and functional connectivity. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 42, 242-252.
Atwater, H. (2009). Binaural Beats and The Regulation of arousal levels. A Research and Educational Publication of The Monroe Institute TMI journal, Vol.1 Winter/Spring 2009, Nos, 1&2.
Brefczynski-Lewis, J. Lutz, A. Schaefer, H. Levinson, D. Davidson, R. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. PNAS, 104, 11483.
Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2009). Meditation (Vipassana) and the P3a event-related brain potential. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72(1), 51-60. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.013
Chen, Y., Yang, X., Wang, L., & Zhang, X. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of the effects of brief mindfulness meditation on anxiety symptoms and systolic blood pressure in Chinese nursing students. Nurse Educ Today, 33(10), 1166-1172. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2012.11.014
Christensen, L. B., Johnson, B., Turner, L. A., & Christensen, L. B. (2011). Research methods, design, and analysis. California: Pearson.
Friese, M., Messner, C., & Schaffner, Y. (2012). Mindfulness meditation counteracts self-control depletion. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 1016-1022. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.008
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54.
Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 495-525.
Isik, B. K., Esen, A., Buyukerkmen, B., Kilinc, A., & Menziletoglu, D. (2017). Effectiveness of binaural beats in reducing preoperative dental anxiety. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 55(6), 571-574. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.02.014
Jirakittayakorn, N. & Wongsawat, Y. (2017). Brain responses to a 6-Hz binaural beat: Effects on general theta rhythm and frontal midline theta activity. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 365. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00365
Kasprzak, C. (2011). Influence of binaural beats on EEG signal. Acta Physica Polonica A, 119(6), 986-990.
Koole, S. L., Govorun, O., Cheng, C. M., & Gallucci, M. (2009). Pulling yourself together: Meditation promotes congruence between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(6), 1220-1226. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.018
Lo, H. H., Ng, S. M., Chan, C. L., Lam, K. F., & Lau, B. H. (2013). The Chinese medicine construct "stagnation" in mind-body connection mediates the effects of mindfulness training on depression and anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21(4), 348-357. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.05.008
López-Caballero, F., & Escera, C. (2017). Binaural beat: A failure to enhance EEG power and emotional arousal. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 557.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends Cogn Sci, 12(4), 163-169. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005
Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T., et al., (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16, 1893-1897.
Manna, A., Raffone, A., Perrucci, M. G., Nardo, D., Ferretti, A., Tartaro, A., ... & Romani, G. L. (2010). Neural correlates of focused attention and cognitive monitoring in meditation. Brain Res Bull, 82(1-2), 46-56. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.03.001
Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176-186.
Moushegian, G., Rupert, A. L., & Stillman, R. D. (1973). Scalp-recorded early responses in man to frequencies in the speech range. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 35(6), 665-667.
Miller, G. A., & Licklider, J. C. (1950). The intelligibility of interrupted speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 22(2), 167-173.
Newberg, A., Alavi, A., Baime, M., Pourdehnad, M., Santanna, J., & d'Aquili, E. (2001). The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: a preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 106(2), 113-122.
Newberg, A. B., & Iversen, J. (2003). The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: neurotransmitter and neurochemical considerations. Medical hypotheses, 61(2), 282-291.
Perich, T., Manicavasagar, V., Mitchell, P. B., & Ball, J. R. (2013). The association between meditation practice and treatment outcome in Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research Therapy, 51(7), 338-343. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.03.006
Rosenkranz, M. A., Davidson, R. J., Maccoon, D. G., Sheridan, J. F., Kalin, N. H., & Lutz, A. (2013). A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun, 27(1), 174-184. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.013
Sarang, P. S., & Telles, S. (2006). Oxygen consumption and respiration during and after two yoga relaxation techniques. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 31(2), 143-153. doi:10.1007/s10484-006-9012-8
Tagini, A., & Raffone, A. (2010). The 'I' and the 'Me' in self-referential awareness: a neurocognitive hypothesis. Cogn Process, 11(1), 9-20. doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0336-1
Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., ... & Posner, M. I. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104(43), 17152-17156. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707678104
Wang, D. J., Rao, H., Korczykowski, M., Wintering, N., Pluta, J., Khalsa, D. S., & Newberg, A. B. (2011). Cerebral blood flow changes associated with different meditation practices and perceived depth of meditation. Psychiatry Res, 191(1), 60-67. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.09.011
Wahbeh, H., Calabrese, C., & Zwickey, H. (2007). Binaural beat technology in humans: A pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(1), 25-32.
Whitmarsh, S., Uddén, J., Barendregt, H., & Petersson, K. M. (2013). Mindfulness reduces habitual responding based on implicit knowledge: Evidence from artificial grammar learning. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(3), 833-845.
Zaehle, S., Sitch, S., Prentice, I. C., Liski, J., Cramer, W., Erhard, M., ... & Smith, B. (2006). The importance of Age-related decline in forest NPP for modeling regional carbon balances. Ecological Applications, 16(4), 1555-1574.
ศุภวรรณ ธนุภาพรังสรรค์ และมาลีวัล เลิศสาครศิริ. (2559). ผลของการใช้รูปแบบการฝึกสมาธิโดยบูรณาการสติปัฏฐาน 4 กับเอสเคที 1 ต่อความสามารถทางสมอง ความตระหนักรู้ในตนเองและสัมฤทธิ์ผลทางการเรียนของนักศึกษาพยาบาล. วารสารพยาบาลสงขลานครินทร์, 36(ฉบับพิเศษ), 13-28.
นงลักษณ์ วิรัชชัย. (2555). การกำหนดขนาดตัวอย่าง และสถิติวิเคราะห์ใหม่ ๆ ที่น่าสนใจ. Retriee on January 20, 2019, From http://lllskill.com/web/files/GPower.pdf.
Abeln, V., Kleinert, J., Struder, H. K., & Schneider, S. (2014). Brainwave entrainment for better sleep and post-sleep state of young elite soccer players - a pilot study. Eur J Sport Sci, 14(5), 393-402. doi:10.1080/17461391.2013.819384
Ala, T. S., Ahmadi-Pajouh, M. A., & Nasrabadi, A. M. (2018). Cumulative effects of theta binaural beats on brain power and functional connectivity. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 42, 242-252.
Atwater, H. (2009). Binaural Beats and The Regulation of arousal levels. A Research and Educational Publication of The Monroe Institute TMI journal, Vol.1 Winter/Spring 2009, Nos, 1&2.
Brefczynski-Lewis, J. Lutz, A. Schaefer, H. Levinson, D. Davidson, R. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. PNAS, 104, 11483.
Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2009). Meditation (Vipassana) and the P3a event-related brain potential. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72(1), 51-60. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.013
Chen, Y., Yang, X., Wang, L., & Zhang, X. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of the effects of brief mindfulness meditation on anxiety symptoms and systolic blood pressure in Chinese nursing students. Nurse Educ Today, 33(10), 1166-1172. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2012.11.014
Christensen, L. B., Johnson, B., Turner, L. A., & Christensen, L. B. (2011). Research methods, design, and analysis. California: Pearson.
Friese, M., Messner, C., & Schaffner, Y. (2012). Mindfulness meditation counteracts self-control depletion. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 1016-1022. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.008
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54.
Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 495-525.
Isik, B. K., Esen, A., Buyukerkmen, B., Kilinc, A., & Menziletoglu, D. (2017). Effectiveness of binaural beats in reducing preoperative dental anxiety. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 55(6), 571-574. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.02.014
Jirakittayakorn, N. & Wongsawat, Y. (2017). Brain responses to a 6-Hz binaural beat: Effects on general theta rhythm and frontal midline theta activity. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 365. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00365
Kasprzak, C. (2011). Influence of binaural beats on EEG signal. Acta Physica Polonica A, 119(6), 986-990.
Koole, S. L., Govorun, O., Cheng, C. M., & Gallucci, M. (2009). Pulling yourself together: Meditation promotes congruence between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(6), 1220-1226. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.018
Lo, H. H., Ng, S. M., Chan, C. L., Lam, K. F., & Lau, B. H. (2013). The Chinese medicine construct "stagnation" in mind-body connection mediates the effects of mindfulness training on depression and anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21(4), 348-357. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.05.008
López-Caballero, F., & Escera, C. (2017). Binaural beat: A failure to enhance EEG power and emotional arousal. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 557.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends Cogn Sci, 12(4), 163-169. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005
Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T., et al., (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16, 1893-1897.
Manna, A., Raffone, A., Perrucci, M. G., Nardo, D., Ferretti, A., Tartaro, A., ... & Romani, G. L. (2010). Neural correlates of focused attention and cognitive monitoring in meditation. Brain Res Bull, 82(1-2), 46-56. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.03.001
Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176-186.
Moushegian, G., Rupert, A. L., & Stillman, R. D. (1973). Scalp-recorded early responses in man to frequencies in the speech range. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 35(6), 665-667.
Miller, G. A., & Licklider, J. C. (1950). The intelligibility of interrupted speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 22(2), 167-173.
Newberg, A., Alavi, A., Baime, M., Pourdehnad, M., Santanna, J., & d'Aquili, E. (2001). The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: a preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 106(2), 113-122.
Newberg, A. B., & Iversen, J. (2003). The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: neurotransmitter and neurochemical considerations. Medical hypotheses, 61(2), 282-291.
Perich, T., Manicavasagar, V., Mitchell, P. B., & Ball, J. R. (2013). The association between meditation practice and treatment outcome in Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research Therapy, 51(7), 338-343. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.03.006
Rosenkranz, M. A., Davidson, R. J., Maccoon, D. G., Sheridan, J. F., Kalin, N. H., & Lutz, A. (2013). A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun, 27(1), 174-184. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.013
Sarang, P. S., & Telles, S. (2006). Oxygen consumption and respiration during and after two yoga relaxation techniques. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 31(2), 143-153. doi:10.1007/s10484-006-9012-8
Tagini, A., & Raffone, A. (2010). The 'I' and the 'Me' in self-referential awareness: a neurocognitive hypothesis. Cogn Process, 11(1), 9-20. doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0336-1
Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., ... & Posner, M. I. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104(43), 17152-17156. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707678104
Wang, D. J., Rao, H., Korczykowski, M., Wintering, N., Pluta, J., Khalsa, D. S., & Newberg, A. B. (2011). Cerebral blood flow changes associated with different meditation practices and perceived depth of meditation. Psychiatry Res, 191(1), 60-67. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.09.011
Wahbeh, H., Calabrese, C., & Zwickey, H. (2007). Binaural beat technology in humans: A pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(1), 25-32.
Whitmarsh, S., Uddén, J., Barendregt, H., & Petersson, K. M. (2013). Mindfulness reduces habitual responding based on implicit knowledge: Evidence from artificial grammar learning. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(3), 833-845.
Zaehle, S., Sitch, S., Prentice, I. C., Liski, J., Cramer, W., Erhard, M., ... & Smith, B. (2006). The importance of Age-related decline in forest NPP for modeling regional carbon balances. Ecological Applications, 16(4), 1555-1574.