เศรษฐศาสตร์สถาบันแบบใหม่
แนวการวิเคราะห์ข้ามพ้นกระแสหลัก?
Abstract
ในช่วงสองทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา เราได้เห็นการเปลี่ยนแปลงและพัฒนาการของทฤษฎีเศรษฐศาสตร์อย่างต่อเนื่อง แม้ว่าทฤษฎีเศรษฐศาสตร์กระแสหลักหรือที่รู้จักกันดีว่าเป็นเศรษฐศาสตร์นีโอคลาสิกจะยังครอบงำวงการวิชาการเศรษฐศาสตร์ในระดับสากลและระดับประเทศอยู่ แต่มีแนวโน้มของการถูกต่อต้านและมีข้อเสนอแนะในทางที่สร้างสรรค์ว่า เราควรจะหันมาทบทวนทฤษฎีเศรษฐศาสตร์นีโอคลาสิก ในแง่ความแข็งกระด้างของข้อสมมุติและควรประเมินใหม่ว่า องค์ความรู้ทั้งชุดของทฤษฎีเศรษฐศาสตร์นีโอคลาสิกมีจุดอ่อนและจุดแข็งอย่างไรในการอธิบายโลกแห่งความเป็นจริง โดยเฉพาะบทบาทของสถาบัน (Institutions) ซึ่งเศรษฐศาสตร์นีโอคลาสิกมิได้ให้ความสำคัญเท่าที่ควรหรือให้ความสำคัญก็ไม่มากเท่าที่ควร เพราะมักถือว่าสถาบันเป็นปัจจัยภายนอก (Exogenous variable) มาโดยตลอดที่ยากต่อการทำความเข้าใจดังนั้นจึงมักถูกสมมติให้เป็นตัวแปรภายนอกที่มีลักษณะคงที่ แต่นักเศรษฐศาสตร์จำนวนมากเริ่มตระหนักว่า การสมมติอย่างแข็งกระด้างเช่นนี้น่าจะเป็นการลดความแม่นยำและความถูกต้องของทฤษฎี ในแง่ที่ว่า สถาบันย่อมมีบทบาทอย่างสำคัญต่อการกำหนดพฤติกรรมของมนุษย์ในสังคมไม่ทางใดก็ทางหนึ่ง หรือในทางกลับกัน มนุษย์ก็พยายามเปลี่ยนแปลงสถาบันเพื่อกำกับพฤติกรรมของมนุษย์มิให้ฉกฉวยโอกาสจากผู้อื่น ด้วยเหตุนี้ เศรษฐศาสตร์สถาบันแบบใหม่จึงนำเอาสถาบันมาเป็นตัวแปรภายในที่จำต้องอธิบายผ่านกรอบของแบบจำลองทางเศรษฐศาสตร์ แทนที่จะสมมติให้เป็นปัจจัยภายนอกแบบเศรษฐศาสตร์นิโอคลาสิก ทฤษฎีเศรษฐศาสตร์สถาบันแบบใหม่จึงนับเนื่องว่าเป็นทฤษฎีที่กำลังพัฒนาและเปลี่ยนแปลงอยู่ตลอดเวลา อย่างไรก็ตาม จุดเด่นของทฤษฎีใหม่นี้ก็คือ นอกเหนือจากการประยุกต์ทฤษฎีเศรษฐศาสตร์กระแสหลักที่เป็นการวิเคราะห์แบบเป็นส่วนเพิ่ม ในแง่ของเครื่องมือการวิเคราะห์ หากแต่เป็นการขยายพรมแดนความรู้ให้เข้าใกล้ความจริงมากขึ้น โดยมีจุดศูนย์กลางที่ “สถาบัน” ซึ่งเป็นจุดอ่อนที่สุดในเศรษฐศาสตร์นิโอคลาสิก เพราะเหตุว่า ข้อสมมติของเศรษฐศาสตร์กระแสหลักหรือนิโอคลาสิกที่มองโลกว่า ไม่มีความขัดแย้งดำรงอยู่(frictionless) ที่มีแต่การแข่งขันและ/หรือการผูกขาด โดยที่มิได้คำนึงถึงรูปแบบและพัฒนาการของสถาบันในแต่ละสังคมนั้น นับว่าเป็นข้อสมมติที่ห่างไกลจากโลกแห่งความเป็นจริง โดยเฉพาะโลกที่สมมติให้ต้นทุนธุรกรรม (Transaction costs) ที่เป็นศูนย์นั้น ถือเป็นโลกในอุดมคติมากกว่าโลก
มนุษย์ หรือ การสมมติว่า มนุษย์ที่เป็นปัจเจกชนมีความสมเหตุสมผลเสมอ (Perfect individual
rationality) อยู่เป็นเนื่องนิจในสำนักเศรษฐศาสตร์กระแสหลักก็เป็นข้อสมมติที่ไม่สอดคล้องกับ
โลกแห่งความจริง เหนือสิ่งอื่นใดก็คือในทุกสังคมของมนุษย์นั้น จำเป็นต้องมีสถาบันที่คอยกำกับ
หรือควบคุมการกระทำของมนุษย์ ซึ่งเกี่ยวกันโดยตรงกับระบบกรรมสิทธิ์และระบบต้นทุน
ธุรกรรมนั่นเอง
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2018-07-25
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ศิริประชัย ส. (2018). เศรษฐศาสตร์สถาบันแบบใหม่: แนวการวิเคราะห์ข้ามพ้นกระแสหลัก?. Thailand and The World Economy, 27(1), 118–147. Retrieved from https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/TER/article/view/136641
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