Spatial Visualization Skills in High School Students Through the Integration of Spatial Vis

Main Article Content

Kristy Avelina
John Alan D. Lee
Michael Art R. Napoles
Roxan A. Consolacion
Jerina Jean M. Ecleo

Abstract

This study investigates the integration of Spatial Vis—an accessible digital tool—into the exploratory technical drawing curriculum for Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE). Specifically, it assesses the application's effectiveness in enhancing spatial visualization skills and educational performance within the orthographic and isometric drawing lessons. The research was conducted with (45) Grade 8 students at Abuno National High School to address the need for innovative teaching methods in this area. A quasi-experimental design was utilized to evaluate the impact of Spatial Vis, delivered via mobile and desktop applications, compared to a traditional instructional approach. Spatial visualization ability was measured using the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations (PSVT: R), administered before and after the intervention. The dependent variable was the gain in spatial visualization scores, with the independent variable being the mode of instruction (traditional, mobile, desktop). While the analysis between the three instructional methods in terms of their impact on spatial visualization gains were not significant, within-group improvements demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the mobile Spatial Vis group (t=−3.322, p=0.006). This finding highlights the potential of the mobile Spatial Vis application to be utilized in the classroom for developing students' spatial visualization skills.

Article Details

How to Cite
Avelina, K., Lee, J. A., Napoles, M. A., Consolacion, R., & Ecleo, J. J. (2026). Spatial Visualization Skills in High School Students Through the Integration of Spatial Vis . Asia Research Network Journal of Education, 6(1), 34–50. retrieved from https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/arnje/article/view/285005
Section
Articles
Author Biographies

John Alan D. Lee, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

Professor of the Department of Technology Teacher Education-College of Education, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

Michael Art R. Napoles, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

Professor of the Department of Technology Teacher Education-College of Education, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

Roxan A. Consolacion, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

Professor of the Department of Technology Teacher Education-College of Education, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

Jerina Jean M. Ecleo, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

Professor of Information System Program- College of Computer Studies , Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

References

Ainsworth, S. E., & Scheiter, K. (2021). Learning by drawing visual representations: Potential, purposes, and practical implications. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420979582

Bairaktarova, D., Reyes, M., Nassr, N., & Carlton, D. (2015). Spatial skills development of engineering students: Identifying instructional tools to incorporate into existing curricula. 2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.18260/p.24726

Baltaci, Ş., & Çetin, S. (2022). The effect of augmented reality on achievement and spatial visualization skills in technical drawing course. Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 7(2), 250–259. https://doi.org/10.53850/joltida.1047477

Battista, M. T., Frazee, L. M., & Winer, M. L. (2018). Analyzing the relation between spatial and geometric reasoning for elementary and middle school students. In Research in mathematics education (pp. 195–228). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98767-5_10

Cahapay, M. B. (2020). A case study of curriculum unpacking practices of a kindergarten teacher. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 9(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v9n2p1

Cavas, B., & Cavas, P. (2020). Multiple intelligences theory—Howard Gardner. In Springer texts in education (pp. 405–418). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43620-9_27

Clifton, P. G., Chang, J. S., Yeboah, G., Doucette, A., Chandrasekharan, S., Nitsche, M., Welsh, T., & Mazalek, A. (2016). Design of embodied interfaces for engaging spatial cognition. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 1(1), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-016-0032-5

Cowan, E., Delson, N., Mihelich, R., & Van Den Einde, L. (2017). Improvement in freehand sketching application for spatial visualization training [Paper presentation]. Conference on Pen and Touch Technology in Education.

Delson, N., & Van Den Einde, L. (2015, June 14–17). Tracking student engagement with a touchscreen app for spatial visualization training and freehand sketching [Paper presentation]. 2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, WA, United States. https://doi.org/10.18260/p.24931

Guay, R. B. (1976). Purdue spatial visualization test. Purdue Research Foundation.

Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004

Hawes, Z., Moss, J., Caswell, B., Naqvi, S., & MacKinnon, S. (2017). Enhancing children’s spatial and numerical skills through a dynamic spatial approach to early geometry instruction: Effects of a 32-week intervention. Cognition and Instruction, 35(3), 236–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2017.1323902

Hoople, G., Cowan, E., Van Den Einde, L., Tara, J., & Delson, N. (2018). Teaching spatial visualization: A controlled trial of a touchscreen app implemented as homework [Paper presentation]. 2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE).

Khine, M. S. (2016). Spatial cognition: Key to STEM success. In Springer eBooks (pp. 3–8). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44385-0_1

Maeda, Y., Yoon, S. Y., Kim-Kang, K., & Imbrie, P. K. (2013). Psychometric properties of the revised PSVT: R for measuring first year engineering students' spatial ability. International Journal of Engineering Education, 29.

Majumder, S., & Maheshwarappa, H. (2023). Interpretation of p-value: The correct way! Indian Journal of Respiratory Care, 12, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-11010-1026

Mouritsen, M. L., Davis, J. T., & Jones, S. C. (2016). ANOVA analysis of student daily test scores in multi-day test periods. Journal of Learning in Higher Education, 12(2), 73–82. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1139744.pdf

Rogers, J., Van Den Einde, L., & Wendell, M. (2021). Improving Spatial Visualization Skills of High School Students Through Sketch Training on a Touchscreen (Evaluation). ASEE Peer. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--37310

SANS Machining. (2024, April 17). Engineering drawing basic knowledge - SANS. SANS. https://www.sansmachining.com/engineering-drawing-basic-knowledge/

Talikan, A. I., Salapuddin, R., Aksan, J. A., Rahimulla, R. J., Ismael, A., Jimlah, R., Idris, N., Dammang, R. B., Jamar, D. A., Sarahadil, E., & Ajan, R. A. (2024). On paired samples t-test: Applications, examples and limitations. Ignatian International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 2(4), 943–951. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10987546

Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2012). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 352–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028446

Verdine, B. N., Golinkoff, R. M., Hirsh‐Pasek, K., & Newcombe, N. S. (2017). I. Spatial skills, their development, and their links to mathematics. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12280

Van Den Einde, L., Delson, N., Cowan, E., & Yang, D. (2017, November 16–18). Increasing student persistence in a sketching app for spatial visualization training [Paper presentation]. 10th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, Seville, Spain.

Van Den Einde, L., Delson, N., Cowan, L., & Memarian, B. (2022). Evaluating spatial visualization learning through digitized sketches: A case study of engineering students' orthographic projection errors. ASEE Peer. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--41636

Yoon, S. Y. (2011). Revised Purdue spatial visualization test: Visualization of rotations (Revised PSVT:R) [Psychometric instrument].