New Public Governance in Practice: The Case of Khon Kaen City
Keywords:
New Public Governance, Khon Kaen management model, Khon Kaen smart cityAbstract
In a highly centralized administrative structure, such as in Thailand, it is a challenge for administrative units to observe the principle of new public governance. The government is the major actor in public policy, and it exerts a strong influence on administrative units in the development of local policy action and service provision. While envisioning and embracing a national smart city policy as a strategy to solve local problems and improve the wellbeing of the residents, Khon Kaen City has moved away from the conventional public management paradigm to that of new public governance, commonly dubbed the Khon Kaen Management Model.
Based on primary data collected through interviewing project leaders, secondary data collected from project documents, and observations by the researchers, it was found that the model observed the core principle of network governance. This study found that the overarching principle of network governance was made possible by employing the Quintuple Helix Model, stipulating the collaborative contributions of five engaged parties; academia, the public and private sectors, civil society and media, and a socio-ecological environment made up of active citizens working together as policy coalition partners. These groups worked to advocate and solicit policy support and gain the required authorization from the central government for the construction of a light rail system in the city. Also, a decision making and management system was designed to allow for resource exchange, joint investment of the public and private sectors, maximizing civic engagement, and co-production of public goods.
References
Agranoff, R., & McGuire, M. (2008). Network governance. In Berman, E. M. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy. 2nd ed.. Vol. 2. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
Akaraborworn, J., & Akaraborworn, P. (B.E.2552). Kan Borihanngan Phak Rat Nai Rupbaep Khrueakhai. Bangkok: Office of the Public Sector Development Commission.
Barzelay, M. (1992). Breaking through Bureaucracy: A New Vision for Managing in Government. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Berger, B. (2009). Political theory, political science and the end of civic engagement. Perspectives on Politics, 7(2), 335-350.
Bevir, M. (2012). Governance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bingham, L. B., Nabatchi, T., & O’Leary, R. (2005). The new governance: Practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government. Public Administration Review, 65(5), 547-558.
Brass, J. N. (2012). Blurring boundaries: The integration of NGOs into governance in Kenya. Governance, 25(2), 209-235.
Carayannis, E. G., Barth, T. D., & Campbell, D. F. J. (2012). The Quintuple Helix innovation model: Global warming as a challenge and driver for innovation. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 1-12.
Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. J. (2009). ‘Mode 3’and ‘Quadruple Helix’: Toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem. International Journal of Technology Management, 46(3/4), 201-234.
Carayannis, E. G., Grigoroudis, E., Campbell, D. F. J., Meissner, D., & Stamati, D. (2017). The ecosystem as helix: An exploratory theory-building study of regional co-opetitive entrepreneurial ecosystems as Quadruple/Quintuple Helix Innovation Models. R & D Management, 48(1), 148-162.
Coen, D., & Thatcher, M. (2008). Network governance and multi-level delegation: European networks of regulatory agencies. Journal of Public Policy, 28(1), 49-71.
Cooper, T. L., Bryer, T. A., & Meek, J. W. (2006). Citizen centered collaborative public management. Public Administration Review, 66(Special Issue), 76-88.
Crosby, B. C., Bryson, J. M., & Stone, M. M. (2010). Leading across frontiers: How visionary leaders integrate people, processes, structures and resources. In Osbornce, S.P. (Ed.). The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. New York: Routledge.
Denhardt, J. V., & Denhardt, R. B. (2015). The New Public Service: Serving, not Steering. New York: Routledge.
Downs, A. (1967). Inside Bureaucracy. Boston: Little, Brown.
Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University. (B.E.2559). Sun Wichai Paiyannoi Khrongsang Munthan Paiyannoi Chat Rap Fang Khwam Khithen Khrang Thi [2] Ngan Sueksa Paiyannoi Rabop Khonsong Satharana Chao Khon Kaen Toprap Pen Yang Di. Retrieved March 25, 2019 from https://www.en.kku.ac.th/web/ชาวขอนแก่นตอบรับรถไฟฟ้า/.
Gore, A. (1993). From Red Tape to Results: Creating Government That Works Better and Costs Less: Report of the National Performance Review. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office.
Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons Public Administration, 69(Spring 1991), 3-19.
Infographic timeline LRT. (B.E.2560). Retrieved March 4, 2019 from http://www.smartgrowththailand.org/infographic-timeline-lrt-kk/.
John, P. (2009). Can citizen governance redress the representative bias of political participation? Public Administration Review, 69(3), 494-503.
Jones, C., Hesterly, W. S., & Borgatti, S. P. (1997). A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 911-945.
Kamensky, J. (1999). Brief History of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. Retrieved November 30, 2018 from https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/whoweare/history2.html.
Kamnuansilpa, P., & Sudhipongpracha, T. (B.E.2559). Phatthanakan Kan Borihan Phak Rat Khong Thai Chak Adit Su Anakhot. Khon Kaen: Khlang Nana Witthaya.
Kamnuansilpa, P., Wongthanavasu, S., & Sudhipongpracha, T. (B.E.2557). Fortune Seeking in Thailand: An Analysis of Social Policy Alternatives. Khon Kaen: College of Local Administration, Khon Kaen University.
Khon Kaen Municipality. (B.E.2559). Changwat Khon Kaen Prachum Sarup Kho Chai Photho Sun Wichai Khao Pen Sathani Rot Rang. Retri eved March 4, 2019 from https://www.facebook.com/kkmuni.Activity/posts/1813626415526216.
Khon Kaen Municipality. (B.E.2556). Panha Charachon Mueang Khon Kaen. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAWLnIKjJGg.
Khon Kaen Transit System Co., Ltd. (B.E.2560). Khrang Raek Nai Thai!! Thon Chut Khon Kaen Chap Mue [4] Thetsaban Chattang Borisat [KKTS]. Retrieved March 26, 2019 from Khon Kaen Transit System Co., Ltd. website: https://www.kkts.co.th/home/776.
Klungboonkrong, P. (B.E.2558). Rongnayokratthamontri Harue Achan Witsawa Paiyannoi Phrom Fai Pokkhrong Khon Kaen Harue Rabop Khonsong. Retrieved March 19, 2019 from https://m.kku.ac.th/news/content.php?did=N0011357&l=th.
Leydesdorff, L., & Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The triple helix as a model for innovation studies. Science and Public Policy, 25(3), 195-203.
Lipsky, M. (2010). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Lynn Jr, L. E. (2001). The myth of the bureaucratic paradigm: What traditional public administration really stood for. Public Administration Review, 61(2), 144-160.
___________. (2006). Public Management: Old and New. New York: Routledge.
Osborne, S. P. (2006). The new public governance? Public Management Review, 8(3), 377-387.
___________. (2010). Introduction the (new) public governance: A suitable case for treatment? In Osborne, S.P. (Ed.). The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. New York: Routledge.
Parliamentary Budget Office. (B.E.2559). Kan Wikhro Kan Ruam Thun Rawang Phak Rat Lae Ekkachon [Public Private Partnership: PPP]. Khon Kaen: The Secretariat of the House of Representatives.
Peters, B. G. (1997). A North American perspective on administrative modernization in Europe. In Kickert, W. J. M. (Ed.). Public Management and Administrative Reform in Western Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
__________. (2010). The Politics of Bureaucracy. New York: Routledge.
Pfiffner, J. P. (2004). Traditional public administration versus the new public management: Accountability versus efficiency. In Benz, A., Siedentopf, H., & Sommermann, K. P. (Eds.). Institutionenbildung in Regierung und Verwaltung: Festschrift fur Klaus Konig. Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humbolt.
Pratomchai, J. (B.E.2559). Sonkho Mop Mokho Wang Rabop Khonsong Muanchon Khon Kaen Khat [2] Pi Sang Tam Nayobai Rat. Retrieved February 28, 2019 from https://www.kku.ac.th/news/v.php?q=0012160&l=th.
Provan, K. G., & Kenis, P. (2008). Modes of network governance: Structure, management, and effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(2), 229-252.
Reinikka, R., & Svensson, J. (1999). How Inadequate Provision of Public Infrastructure and Services Affects Private Investment. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The new governance: Governing without government. Political Studies, 44(4), 652-667.
Robinson, K., & Morgan, D. (2014). Local government as polity leadership: Implications for new public governance. In Morgan, D. F. New Public Governance: A Regime-Centered Perspective. New York: Routledge.
Ruengwicha, P. (B.E.2557). Rong Borihan [COLA] [KKU] Nam Sanoe Kongthun Mueang To Romoto Khamanakhom. Retrieved March 4, 2019 from https://m.kku.ac.th/news/content.php?did=N0008020&l=th.
_____________. (B.E.2559). Phuborihan [COLA] [KKU] Ruam Nam Sanoe Khwam Kaona Khonsong Muanchon Khon Kaen To Phonchut o o Pra Chin Chan Tong. Retrieved March 20, 2019 from http://www.cola.kku.ac.th/main/news.php?id=111.
Salamon, L. M. (2000). The new governance and the tools of public action: An introduction. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 28(5), 1611-1674.
Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2012). Introduction: Collaborative innovation in the public sector. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 17(1), 1-14.
Stoker, G. (1998). Governance as theory: Five propositions. International Social Science Journal, 50(155), 17-28.
Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center. (B.E.2558). Mati Khana Kam Kan Chat Rabop Kan Charachon Thang Bok Khochoro. Retrieved April 22, 2019 from http://www.kts2016.com/news.php?id=2.
Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center. (B.E.2559a). Muea Rot Rang Sang Mueang Khrong Kansueksa Okbaep Raila iat Rabop Khonsong Satharana Nai Khet Changwat Khon Kaen Lae Phonkrathop Singwaetlom. Khon Kaen: Khlang Nana Witthaya.
_____________________________________________________. (B.E.2559b). Nakthurakit Phunam Chumchon Khon Kaen Sammana Khuekkhak Nun Reng Rotfaifa Rang Bao. Retrieved April 22, 2019 from http://www.kts2016.com/news.php?id=17.
_____________________________________________________. (B.E.2560). Kan Chat Prachum Rap Fang Khwam Khithen Klum Yoi [Focus Group]. Retrieved July 4, 2019 from http://www.kts2016.com/news.php?id=21.
Techasanee, N. (B.E.2562). Yang Wing Mai Ok! “Rotfaifa Khon Kaen” Tit Lom Reng Cheracha Ha Thang Ok. Retrieved July 4, 2019 from https://www.thebangkokinsight.com/87872/.
Thairath Online. (B.E.2557). Pra Chin Truat Rabop Kan Khonsong Thi Khon Kaen. Retrieved March 4, 2019 from https://www.thairath.co.th/content/470413.
The Government Public Relations Department. (B.E.2556). Khrong Kansueksa Rabop Rot Doisan Phiset [BRT] Kae Charachon MueangKhon Kaen. Retrieved February 28, 2019 from http://www.prd.go.th/ewt_news.php?nid=44858.
The Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning. (B.E2558). Kan Prachum Khana Kam Kan Chat Rabop Kan Charachon Thang Bok Khochoro Khrang Thi [1/25]. Retrieved March 14, 2019, from https://www.ryt9.com/s/govh/2184503.
______________________________________________. (B.E.2559). Sonkho Chat Sammana Rap Fang Khwam Khithen Khrang Thi [1] Khrong Kansueksa Okbaep Raila iat Rabop Khonsong Satharana Nai Khet Changwat Khon Kaen Lae Phonkrathop Singwaetlom. Retrieved from http://www.otp.go.th/uploads/tiny_uploads/PDF/2560-07/25600726-Konkan.pdf.
_____________________________________________. (B.E.2560). Sonkho Chat Prachum Rap Fang Khwam Khithen Khrang Thi [3] Khrongkan Kansueksa Okbaep Raila iat Rabop Khonsong Satharana Nai Khet Changwat Khon Kaen Lae Phonkrathop Singwaetlom. Retrieved from http://www.otp.go.th/uploads/tiny_uploads/PDF/2560-07/25600726-Konkan.pdf.
Weber, M. (1946). Politics as a vocation and “bureaucracy.” In Gerth, H. H., & Mills, C. W. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wongthanavasu, S., Pattamasiriwat, D., Kamnuansilpa, P., Kosiyanon, L., Chupen, H., & Sudhipongpracha, T. (B.E.2557). Kan Patirup Kan Pokkhrong Thongthin Tam Krabuan That Haeng Kan Borihan Kitchakan Satharana Naeo Mai. Khon Kaen: Khlang Nana Witthaya.
Xu, R., Sun, Q., & Si, W. (2015). The third wave of public administration: The new public governance. Canadian Social Science, 11(7), 11-21.x
Akaraborworn, J., & Akaraborworn, P. (B.E.2552). Kan Borihanngan Phak Rat Nai Rupbaep Khrueakhai. Bangkok: Office of the Public Sector Development Commission.
Barzelay, M. (1992). Breaking through Bureaucracy: A New Vision for Managing in Government. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Berger, B. (2009). Political theory, political science and the end of civic engagement. Perspectives on Politics, 7(2), 335-350.
Bevir, M. (2012). Governance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bingham, L. B., Nabatchi, T., & O’Leary, R. (2005). The new governance: Practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government. Public Administration Review, 65(5), 547-558.
Brass, J. N. (2012). Blurring boundaries: The integration of NGOs into governance in Kenya. Governance, 25(2), 209-235.
Carayannis, E. G., Barth, T. D., & Campbell, D. F. J. (2012). The Quintuple Helix innovation model: Global warming as a challenge and driver for innovation. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 1-12.
Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. J. (2009). ‘Mode 3’and ‘Quadruple Helix’: Toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem. International Journal of Technology Management, 46(3/4), 201-234.
Carayannis, E. G., Grigoroudis, E., Campbell, D. F. J., Meissner, D., & Stamati, D. (2017). The ecosystem as helix: An exploratory theory-building study of regional co-opetitive entrepreneurial ecosystems as Quadruple/Quintuple Helix Innovation Models. R & D Management, 48(1), 148-162.
Coen, D., & Thatcher, M. (2008). Network governance and multi-level delegation: European networks of regulatory agencies. Journal of Public Policy, 28(1), 49-71.
Cooper, T. L., Bryer, T. A., & Meek, J. W. (2006). Citizen centered collaborative public management. Public Administration Review, 66(Special Issue), 76-88.
Crosby, B. C., Bryson, J. M., & Stone, M. M. (2010). Leading across frontiers: How visionary leaders integrate people, processes, structures and resources. In Osbornce, S.P. (Ed.). The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. New York: Routledge.
Denhardt, J. V., & Denhardt, R. B. (2015). The New Public Service: Serving, not Steering. New York: Routledge.
Downs, A. (1967). Inside Bureaucracy. Boston: Little, Brown.
Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University. (B.E.2559). Sun Wichai Paiyannoi Khrongsang Munthan Paiyannoi Chat Rap Fang Khwam Khithen Khrang Thi [2] Ngan Sueksa Paiyannoi Rabop Khonsong Satharana Chao Khon Kaen Toprap Pen Yang Di. Retrieved March 25, 2019 from https://www.en.kku.ac.th/web/ชาวขอนแก่นตอบรับรถไฟฟ้า/.
Gore, A. (1993). From Red Tape to Results: Creating Government That Works Better and Costs Less: Report of the National Performance Review. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office.
Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons Public Administration, 69(Spring 1991), 3-19.
Infographic timeline LRT. (B.E.2560). Retrieved March 4, 2019 from http://www.smartgrowththailand.org/infographic-timeline-lrt-kk/.
John, P. (2009). Can citizen governance redress the representative bias of political participation? Public Administration Review, 69(3), 494-503.
Jones, C., Hesterly, W. S., & Borgatti, S. P. (1997). A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 911-945.
Kamensky, J. (1999). Brief History of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. Retrieved November 30, 2018 from https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/whoweare/history2.html.
Kamnuansilpa, P., & Sudhipongpracha, T. (B.E.2559). Phatthanakan Kan Borihan Phak Rat Khong Thai Chak Adit Su Anakhot. Khon Kaen: Khlang Nana Witthaya.
Kamnuansilpa, P., Wongthanavasu, S., & Sudhipongpracha, T. (B.E.2557). Fortune Seeking in Thailand: An Analysis of Social Policy Alternatives. Khon Kaen: College of Local Administration, Khon Kaen University.
Khon Kaen Municipality. (B.E.2559). Changwat Khon Kaen Prachum Sarup Kho Chai Photho Sun Wichai Khao Pen Sathani Rot Rang. Retri eved March 4, 2019 from https://www.facebook.com/kkmuni.Activity/posts/1813626415526216.
Khon Kaen Municipality. (B.E.2556). Panha Charachon Mueang Khon Kaen. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAWLnIKjJGg.
Khon Kaen Transit System Co., Ltd. (B.E.2560). Khrang Raek Nai Thai!! Thon Chut Khon Kaen Chap Mue [4] Thetsaban Chattang Borisat [KKTS]. Retrieved March 26, 2019 from Khon Kaen Transit System Co., Ltd. website: https://www.kkts.co.th/home/776.
Klungboonkrong, P. (B.E.2558). Rongnayokratthamontri Harue Achan Witsawa Paiyannoi Phrom Fai Pokkhrong Khon Kaen Harue Rabop Khonsong. Retrieved March 19, 2019 from https://m.kku.ac.th/news/content.php?did=N0011357&l=th.
Leydesdorff, L., & Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The triple helix as a model for innovation studies. Science and Public Policy, 25(3), 195-203.
Lipsky, M. (2010). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Lynn Jr, L. E. (2001). The myth of the bureaucratic paradigm: What traditional public administration really stood for. Public Administration Review, 61(2), 144-160.
___________. (2006). Public Management: Old and New. New York: Routledge.
Osborne, S. P. (2006). The new public governance? Public Management Review, 8(3), 377-387.
___________. (2010). Introduction the (new) public governance: A suitable case for treatment? In Osborne, S.P. (Ed.). The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. New York: Routledge.
Parliamentary Budget Office. (B.E.2559). Kan Wikhro Kan Ruam Thun Rawang Phak Rat Lae Ekkachon [Public Private Partnership: PPP]. Khon Kaen: The Secretariat of the House of Representatives.
Peters, B. G. (1997). A North American perspective on administrative modernization in Europe. In Kickert, W. J. M. (Ed.). Public Management and Administrative Reform in Western Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
__________. (2010). The Politics of Bureaucracy. New York: Routledge.
Pfiffner, J. P. (2004). Traditional public administration versus the new public management: Accountability versus efficiency. In Benz, A., Siedentopf, H., & Sommermann, K. P. (Eds.). Institutionenbildung in Regierung und Verwaltung: Festschrift fur Klaus Konig. Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humbolt.
Pratomchai, J. (B.E.2559). Sonkho Mop Mokho Wang Rabop Khonsong Muanchon Khon Kaen Khat [2] Pi Sang Tam Nayobai Rat. Retrieved February 28, 2019 from https://www.kku.ac.th/news/v.php?q=0012160&l=th.
Provan, K. G., & Kenis, P. (2008). Modes of network governance: Structure, management, and effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(2), 229-252.
Reinikka, R., & Svensson, J. (1999). How Inadequate Provision of Public Infrastructure and Services Affects Private Investment. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The new governance: Governing without government. Political Studies, 44(4), 652-667.
Robinson, K., & Morgan, D. (2014). Local government as polity leadership: Implications for new public governance. In Morgan, D. F. New Public Governance: A Regime-Centered Perspective. New York: Routledge.
Ruengwicha, P. (B.E.2557). Rong Borihan [COLA] [KKU] Nam Sanoe Kongthun Mueang To Romoto Khamanakhom. Retrieved March 4, 2019 from https://m.kku.ac.th/news/content.php?did=N0008020&l=th.
_____________. (B.E.2559). Phuborihan [COLA] [KKU] Ruam Nam Sanoe Khwam Kaona Khonsong Muanchon Khon Kaen To Phonchut o o Pra Chin Chan Tong. Retrieved March 20, 2019 from http://www.cola.kku.ac.th/main/news.php?id=111.
Salamon, L. M. (2000). The new governance and the tools of public action: An introduction. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 28(5), 1611-1674.
Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2012). Introduction: Collaborative innovation in the public sector. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 17(1), 1-14.
Stoker, G. (1998). Governance as theory: Five propositions. International Social Science Journal, 50(155), 17-28.
Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center. (B.E.2558). Mati Khana Kam Kan Chat Rabop Kan Charachon Thang Bok Khochoro. Retrieved April 22, 2019 from http://www.kts2016.com/news.php?id=2.
Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center. (B.E.2559a). Muea Rot Rang Sang Mueang Khrong Kansueksa Okbaep Raila iat Rabop Khonsong Satharana Nai Khet Changwat Khon Kaen Lae Phonkrathop Singwaetlom. Khon Kaen: Khlang Nana Witthaya.
_____________________________________________________. (B.E.2559b). Nakthurakit Phunam Chumchon Khon Kaen Sammana Khuekkhak Nun Reng Rotfaifa Rang Bao. Retrieved April 22, 2019 from http://www.kts2016.com/news.php?id=17.
_____________________________________________________. (B.E.2560). Kan Chat Prachum Rap Fang Khwam Khithen Klum Yoi [Focus Group]. Retrieved July 4, 2019 from http://www.kts2016.com/news.php?id=21.
Techasanee, N. (B.E.2562). Yang Wing Mai Ok! “Rotfaifa Khon Kaen” Tit Lom Reng Cheracha Ha Thang Ok. Retrieved July 4, 2019 from https://www.thebangkokinsight.com/87872/.
Thairath Online. (B.E.2557). Pra Chin Truat Rabop Kan Khonsong Thi Khon Kaen. Retrieved March 4, 2019 from https://www.thairath.co.th/content/470413.
The Government Public Relations Department. (B.E.2556). Khrong Kansueksa Rabop Rot Doisan Phiset [BRT] Kae Charachon MueangKhon Kaen. Retrieved February 28, 2019 from http://www.prd.go.th/ewt_news.php?nid=44858.
The Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning. (B.E2558). Kan Prachum Khana Kam Kan Chat Rabop Kan Charachon Thang Bok Khochoro Khrang Thi [1/25]. Retrieved March 14, 2019, from https://www.ryt9.com/s/govh/2184503.
______________________________________________. (B.E.2559). Sonkho Chat Sammana Rap Fang Khwam Khithen Khrang Thi [1] Khrong Kansueksa Okbaep Raila iat Rabop Khonsong Satharana Nai Khet Changwat Khon Kaen Lae Phonkrathop Singwaetlom. Retrieved from http://www.otp.go.th/uploads/tiny_uploads/PDF/2560-07/25600726-Konkan.pdf.
_____________________________________________. (B.E.2560). Sonkho Chat Prachum Rap Fang Khwam Khithen Khrang Thi [3] Khrongkan Kansueksa Okbaep Raila iat Rabop Khonsong Satharana Nai Khet Changwat Khon Kaen Lae Phonkrathop Singwaetlom. Retrieved from http://www.otp.go.th/uploads/tiny_uploads/PDF/2560-07/25600726-Konkan.pdf.
Weber, M. (1946). Politics as a vocation and “bureaucracy.” In Gerth, H. H., & Mills, C. W. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wongthanavasu, S., Pattamasiriwat, D., Kamnuansilpa, P., Kosiyanon, L., Chupen, H., & Sudhipongpracha, T. (B.E.2557). Kan Patirup Kan Pokkhrong Thongthin Tam Krabuan That Haeng Kan Borihan Kitchakan Satharana Naeo Mai. Khon Kaen: Khlang Nana Witthaya.
Xu, R., Sun, Q., & Si, W. (2015). The third wave of public administration: The new public governance. Canadian Social Science, 11(7), 11-21.x
Downloads
Published
2019-12-31
Issue
Section
Articles
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
