The Changing of U.S.’s North Korea Policy by Leaders from Different Political Parties During 2000-2018
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The United States is the main reason that encourages North Korea to develop nuclear weapons. The U.S.’s North Korea policy implementation has a significant effect on the nuclear situation on the Korean Peninsula. The nuclear situation on the Korean Peninsula has been fluctuating since 2000. It is partly a result of the unstable implementation of the North Korea policy by the United States. Therefore, the main question of this article is “What factors have driven the U.S.’s North Korea policy during 2000-2018.” The basic assumption is that the influence from a political party, which the president belongs to, helps shape the idea of the president to implement the policy, which differs from the policy of the president from another party. However, this assumption cannot explain the U.S. policy entirely, as the president sometimes disagrees with the party's idea. Because the president must take the security structures in East Asia and North Korea behavior at that time into consideration as well. Therefore, this article aims to show that the president of the United States has taken both internal political factors and external factors into consideration to drive the North Korea policy for over two decades.
Article Details
- เนื้อหาและข้อมูลที่ลงตีพิมพ์ในวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ถือเป็นข้อคิดเห็นและความรับผิดชอบของผู้เขียนบทความโดยตรง ซึ่งกองบรรณาธิการวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ ไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วย หรือร่วมรับผิดชอบใดๆ
- บทความและข้อมูล ที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ในวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ ถือเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสาร หากบุคคลหรือหน่วยงานใดต้องการนำข้อมูลไปใช้ประโยชน์ในทางวิชาการ ขอให้อ้างอิงแหล่งที่มาด้วย
References
บีบีซีไทย. (2560). สหรัฐฯทดสอบระบบป้องกันขีปนาวุธ THAAD. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 ตุลาคม 2562, จาก https://www.bbc.com/thai/international-40578306
อุไรวรรณ ธนสถิตย์. (2556). นโยบายต่างประเทศของสหรัฐฯอเมริกาสมัยประธานาธิบดีจอร์จ ดับเบิ้ลยู บุช (ค.ศ. 2001-2009). กรุงเทพฯ: บริษัท แดเน็กซ์ อินเตอร์คอร์ปอเรชั่น จำกัด.
Armstrong, C. K. (2006). US- North Korean Relations. In Feffer, J. (Ed.). The Future of US- Korean Relations: The Imbalance of Power (pp. 9-28). New York: Routledge.
BBC News. (2017). North Korea Prepare to Fire More Missile. Retrieved September 30, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/thai/international-41149339
______. (2018). North Korea at the Winter Olympics: All You Need to Know. Retrieved October 6, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42770887
Beal, T. (2005). North Korea: The Struggle Against American Power. London: Pluto Press.
Boghani, P. (2019). The U.S. and North Korea On the Brink: A Timeline. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-u-s-and-north-korea-on-the-brink-a-timeline/
Bolton, D. (2012). North Korea’s Nuclear Program. Retrieved September 25, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313426235_North_Korea's_Nuclear_Program
Borger, J. (2017). Donald Trump Threatens to 'Totally Destroy' North Korea in UN Speech. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/19/donald-trump-threatens-totally-destroy-north-korea-un-speech
Bureau of Arms Control. (1994). Agreed Framework Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Retrieved October 2, 2019, from https://2001-2009.state.gov/t/ac/rls/or/2004/31009.htm
Cho, Y. C. (2010). Collective identity formation on the Korean Peninsula: United States' Different North Korea Policies, Kim Dae-Jung's Sunshine Policy, and United States–South Korea–North Korea Relations. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 10(1), 93-128.
Choe, S. H. (2009). North Korea Tries New Tack with Obama. Retrieved September 30, 2019, from nytimes.com/2009/01/14/world/asia/14iht-north.1.19345227.html
Collins, L. (2017). 25 Years of Negotiations and Provocations: North Korea and the United States. Retrieved October 2, 2019, from https://beyondparallel.csis.org/25-years-of-negotiations-provocations/
Colucci, L. (2017). The Truth About THAAD. Retrieved October 2, 2019, from https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-09-19/the-big-picture-of-thaad-and-us-missile-defense-on-the-korean-peninsula
Cossa, R. (2017). North Korea's ICBM Test: The Storm Before the Calm? Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2122405/north-koreas-icbm-test-storm-calm
Council on Foreign Relations. (2019). North Korean Nuclear Negotiations. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from https://www.cfr.org/timeline/north-korean-nuclear-negotiations
CSIS Missile Defense Project. (2019). North Korean Missile Launches & Nuclear Tests: 1984-Present. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from https://missilethreat.csis.org/north-korea-missile-launches-1984-present/
Daalder, I. H., & Lindsay, J. M. (2003). The Bush Revolution: The Remaking of America’s Foreign Policy. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-bush-revolution-the-remaking-of-americas-foreign-policy/
Federation of American Scientists. (2003). KCNA 'Detailed Report' Explains NPT Withdrawal. Retrieved October 8, 2019, from https://fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/nuke/dprk012203.html
Feffer, J. (2003). North Korea- South Korea: U.S. Policy At a Time of Crisis. New York: Seven Stories Press.
Foreign Policy Association. (2019). How U.S. Foreign Policy is Made. Retrieved December 17, 2019, from https://fpa.org/features/index.cfm?act=feature&announcement_id=45&show_sidebar=0
Glass, A. (2002). President Bush Cites ‘Axis of Evil’. Retrieved September 28, 2019, from www.politico.com/story/2019/01/29/bush-axis-of-evil-2002-1127725
Gwertzman, B. (1984). U.S. Papers Tell of '53 Policy to Use a Bomb in Korea. Retrieved October 2, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/08/world/us-papers-tell-of-53-policy-to-use-a-bomb-in-korea.html
Kim, I. S., Peng, T. H., Clark, M. W., Nam, I., & Jr., W. K. H. (1953). The Korean War Armistice Agreement. Retrieved October 1, 2019, from https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/KP%2BKR_530727_AgreementConcerningMilitaryArmistice.pdf
Kristensen, H. M., & Norris, R. S. (2017). A History of US Nuclear Weapons in South Korea. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 73(6), 349-357.
Landler, M. (2009). Clinton Warns N. Korea on Missiles. Retrieved September 27, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/washington/17diplo.html
Landler, M., & Sanger, D. E. (2009). U.S. Presses China for Tough Response to North Korea. Retrieved September 30, 2019, from www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/asia/29diplo.html
Lee, C. S. (2018). Wisdom of Aesop’s Fables. Retrieved September 30, 2019, from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2018/07/298_67433.html
Lohschelder, S. (2017). Three Presidents Facing North Korea - A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from www.huffpost.com/entry/three-presidents-facing-n_b_9335546
Lumen Boudless Political Science. (2017). Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy? Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-politicalscience/chapter/who-makes-u-s-foreign-policy/
M. C., Jr. (2006). A Moment of Crisis: Jimmy Carter, the Power of a Peacemaker, and North Korea’s Nuclear Ambitions. New York: Public Affairs.
Masters, J. (2017). U.S. Foreign Policy Powers: Congress and the President. Retrieved December 17, 2019, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-foreign-policy-powers-congress-and-president
McAdams, D. P. (2016). The Mind of Donald Trump. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/06/the-mind-of-donald-trump/480771/
McEachern, P. (2018). More Than Regime Survival. North Korean Review, 14(1), 115-118.
Oberdorfer, D. (2013). The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. New York: Basic Books.
Otieno, M. O. (2019). What Is the Difference Between Republicans and Democrats? Retrieved September 26, 2019, from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-republicans-and-democrats.html
Perry, W. J. (1999). Review of United States Policy Toward North Korea: Findings and Recommendations. Retrieved September 29, 2019, from https://1997-2001.state.gov/regions/eap/991012_northkorea_rpt.html
Pollack, J. D. (2011). No exit: North Korea, Nuclear weapons and Inter-security. New York: Routledge.
Posen, B. R. (2018). The Rise of Illiberal Hegemony: Trump's Surprising Grand Strategy. Foreign Affairs, 97(2), 20-27.
Robb, A. (2013). Let's Kill All the Hawks and Doves! As Lazy Metaphors, That Is. Retrieved September 26, 2019, from https://newrepublic.com/article/115734/hawks-doves-origins-metaphors-war-peace-supporters
Russet, B., & Starr, H. (1985). World Politics: The Menu for Choices. New York: W.H. Freeman and company.
Stevens, M. (2018). Trump and Kim Jong-un, and the Names They’ve Called Each Other. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/world/asia/trump-kim-jong-un.html
The Economist. (2009). Obama, Iran and North Korea Meeting thuggery with coolness. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from https://www.economist.com/united-states/2009/06/18/meeting-thuggery-with-coolness
The White House. (2017). Remarks of President Donald J. Trump-the Inauguration Address. Retrieved October 2, 2019, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/the-inaugural-address/
Tokola, M. (2017). Why is China So Upset about THAAD? Retrieved October 1, 2019, from http://keia.org/why-china-so-upset-about-thaad
Trump, D. J. (2018). Letter to Chairman Kim Jong Un. Retrieved 6 October, 2019, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/letter-chairman-kim-jong-un/
W. E. B., Jr. (2006). the North Korea Nuclear Weapons Program: A Comparison of Negotiating Strategies of the Clinton and Bush Administrations. In Richardson, S. (Ed.). Perspectives on U.S. Policy Toward North Korea: Stalemate or Checkmate? (pp. 1-28). New York: Lexington books.
Washington, G. (1992). The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription. Retrieved December 19, 2019, from https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript
Williams, J. (2018). Breaking: Trump and Kim Sign Agreement Pledging to Work Toward “A Lasting and Stable Peace”. Retrieved October 6, 2019, from https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/12/17452464/trump-kim-meeting-north-korea-agreement-denuclearization
Wit, J. S. (2019). The Leap Day Deal: A Cautionary Tale for the Trump Administration. Retrieved September 30, 2019, from www.38north.org/2019/03/editor030719/
Wivel, A. (2011). Security Dilemma. In Badie, B., Berg-Schlosser, D., & Morlino, L. (Eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science (pp. 2347-2582). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Yarhi-Milo, K. (2018). After Credibility: American Foreign Policy in the Trump Era. Foreign Affairs, 97(1), 68-77.