Dynamics of Electoral Reform in New Zealand and Thailand
Main Article Content
Abstract
Electoral reform took place in New Zealand and Thailand during 1990s. Prior the reform, both countries used the plurality system then changed to mixed-member electoral system. However, New Zealand changed to Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP), while Thailand changed to Mixed-Member Majoritarianism (MMM). This paper aims to study why the electoral reform took place in both countries, and why New Zealand still keep supporting the MMP while Thailand changed the components of the Parallel Voting twice. The result found that electoral reform in New Zealand is the 'elite-mass' interaction reform, while electoral reform in Thailand is the 'elite imposition' reform
Article Details
How to Cite
Watanasukh, P. (2017). Dynamics of Electoral Reform in New Zealand and Thailand. Political Science and Public Administration Journal, 5(1), 24–39. Retrieved from https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/polscicmujournal/article/view/76999
Section
Special Articles
- เนื้อหาและข้อมูลที่ลงตีพิมพ์ในวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ถือเป็นข้อคิดเห็นและความรับผิดชอบของผู้เขียนบทความโดยตรง ซึ่งกองบรรณาธิการวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ ไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วย หรือร่วมรับผิดชอบใดๆ
- บทความและข้อมูล ที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ในวารสารรัฐศาสตร์และรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ ถือเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสาร หากบุคคลหรือหน่วยงานใดต้องการนำข้อมูลไปใช้ประโยชน์ในทางวิชาการ ขอให้อ้างอิงแหล่งที่มาด้วย
References
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Croissant, Aurel and Dosch, Jorn (2003).Parliamentary elections in Thailand, March 2000 and January 2001. Electoral Studies 22: 153-193.
Denemark, David (2001). Choosing MMP in New Zealand : Explaining the 1993 Electoral Reform. In Shugart, Matthew Soberg and Wattenburg, Martin P. (eds.) Mixed-Member Electoral Systems : The Best of Both Worlds?. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 70 - 94.
Jackson, Keith and McRobie, Alan (1998). New Zealand Adopts Proportional Representation: Accident? Design?Evolution?Aldershot: Ashgate/Christchurch,NZ: Hazard Press. 252,255.
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Nohlen, Dieter (1984). Two Incompatible Principles of Representation. In Lijphart, Arend and Grofman, Bernard (eds.) Choosing and Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives. New York: Praeger.
Pankaew, Attasit (2010). Expectations versus Realities: An Assessment of the Impact of Mixed Member Electoral Systems in New Zealand and Thailand. Paper presented at the 81st Southern Political Science Association Annual Conference, Atlanta Georgia.
Renwick, Alan (2009). Do 'wrong winner' elections trigger electoral reform? Lessons from New Zealand. Representation, 45:4, 357-367.
Renwick, Alan (2010). The Politics of Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Royal Commission on the Electoral System (1986). Report of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System: Towards a Better Democracy. Wellington: Government Printer.
Schafferer, Christian (2009).The parliamentary election in Thailand, December 2007. Electoral studies, 28: 141-173.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg (2001). "Extreme" Electoral Systems and the Appeal of the Mixed-Member Alternative. In Shugart, Matthew Soberg andWattenburg, Martin P. (eds.). Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp.25-54.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg and Wattenburg, Martin P. (2001) Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: A Definition and Typology. In Shugart, Matthew S. and Wattenburg, Martin P. (eds.) Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The best of both worlds? Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.9-24.
Vowles, Jack (1995). The Politics of Electoral Reform in New Zealand.International Political Science Review, 16(1), pp.95-115.
BBC News. Top Thai court ousts PM Somchai. Accessed 10 October 2013 https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7759960.stm
CNN. Thai PM fired over cookery show. Accessed 10 October 2013 https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/09/thailand.pm/
The Electoral Commission - Overall result - 2011 Referendum on the voting system. Accessed 10 October, 2013 https://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2011/referendum.html
The Electoral Commission.Report of the Electoral Commission on the review of the MMP Voting System. Accessed 10 October 2013 https://www.mmpreview.org.nz/sites/default/files/pages/uploads/Final%20report%202012%20review%20of%20MMP.pdf
Croissant, Aurel and Dosch, Jorn (2003).Parliamentary elections in Thailand, March 2000 and January 2001. Electoral Studies 22: 153-193.
Denemark, David (2001). Choosing MMP in New Zealand : Explaining the 1993 Electoral Reform. In Shugart, Matthew Soberg and Wattenburg, Martin P. (eds.) Mixed-Member Electoral Systems : The Best of Both Worlds?. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 70 - 94.
Jackson, Keith and McRobie, Alan (1998). New Zealand Adopts Proportional Representation: Accident? Design?Evolution?Aldershot: Ashgate/Christchurch,NZ: Hazard Press. 252,255.
Lijphart, Arend (1987). The Demise of the Last Westminster System?Comments on the Report of the New Zealand's Royal Commission on the Electoral System. Electoral Studies, 6: 97-103.
McCargo, Duncan (2002). Thailand's January 2001 General Elections: Vindicating Reforms? In McCargo, Duncan (ed.). Reforming Thai Politics. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, p.90.
McRobie, Alan (1997). New Zealand's First MMP Election. Agenda, 4: 329-40.
Mulgan, Richard (1992). The Elective Dictatorship in New Zealand.In Gold, Hyam (ed.) New Zealand Politics in Perspective. Auckland: Longman Paul.
Na Thalang, Chanintira (2012).Parliamentary elections in Thailand, July 2011.Electoral Studies, 31: 613-639
NogsuanSawasdee, Siripan (2006). Thai Political Parties in the Age of Reform. Bangkok: Institute of Policy Studies.
Nohlen, Dieter (1984). Two Incompatible Principles of Representation. In Lijphart, Arend and Grofman, Bernard (eds.) Choosing and Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives. New York: Praeger.
Pankaew, Attasit (2010). Expectations versus Realities: An Assessment of the Impact of Mixed Member Electoral Systems in New Zealand and Thailand. Paper presented at the 81st Southern Political Science Association Annual Conference, Atlanta Georgia.
Renwick, Alan (2009). Do 'wrong winner' elections trigger electoral reform? Lessons from New Zealand. Representation, 45:4, 357-367.
Renwick, Alan (2010). The Politics of Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Royal Commission on the Electoral System (1986). Report of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System: Towards a Better Democracy. Wellington: Government Printer.
Schafferer, Christian (2009).The parliamentary election in Thailand, December 2007. Electoral studies, 28: 141-173.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg (2001). "Extreme" Electoral Systems and the Appeal of the Mixed-Member Alternative. In Shugart, Matthew Soberg andWattenburg, Martin P. (eds.). Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp.25-54.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg and Wattenburg, Martin P. (2001) Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: A Definition and Typology. In Shugart, Matthew S. and Wattenburg, Martin P. (eds.) Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The best of both worlds? Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.9-24.
Vowles, Jack (1995). The Politics of Electoral Reform in New Zealand.International Political Science Review, 16(1), pp.95-115.
BBC News. Top Thai court ousts PM Somchai. Accessed 10 October 2013 https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7759960.stm
CNN. Thai PM fired over cookery show. Accessed 10 October 2013 https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/09/thailand.pm/
The Electoral Commission - Overall result - 2011 Referendum on the voting system. Accessed 10 October, 2013 https://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2011/referendum.html
The Electoral Commission.Report of the Electoral Commission on the review of the MMP Voting System. Accessed 10 October 2013 https://www.mmpreview.org.nz/sites/default/files/pages/uploads/Final%20report%202012%20review%20of%20MMP.pdf