Evaluating the Context-Dependent View of How and Why Ph.D. Students Experience Boredom during Their Studies

Main Article Content

Badriyah Ulfah
Nandyan Ayu Nooryastuti
Utami Widiati

Abstract

Maintaining mental health during study time is crucial for students, particularly those enrolled in the Ph.D. program. Boredom as one type of mental health problems is occasionally regarded as inconsequential, but in fact has a significant impact on Ph.D. students and the effectiveness of their study. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the contextdependent view of how and why Ph.D. students experience boredom during their studies from three frameworks of context: institutional, emotional, and situational. A survey study was conducted involving 23 Ph.D. students registered at three state Indonesian universities offering English Language Education Doctoral Program in the country. The data were collected through a questionnaire containing both open-ended and closed-ended questions referring to the three contexts of boredom. The collected data were then coded based on these three contexts. The results show that 60.9% of the participants experienced intermediate, 21.7% experienced low, and only 17.4% experienced high levels of boredom with the emotional aspect being the highest reason. Additionally, a small number of participants indicated in the open-ended responses that they did not experience boredom at all. In light of the findings, this study underscores the importance of continuing to support and maintain the favourable conditions experienced by Ph.D. students in the country.

Article Details

How to Cite
Ulfah, B., Nooryastuti, N. A., & Widiati, U. (2025). Evaluating the Context-Dependent View of How and Why Ph.D. Students Experience Boredom during Their Studies. rEFLections, 32(1), 234–268. https://doi.org/10.61508/refl.v32i1.263871
Section
Research articles

References

Agrawal, M., Mattar, M. G., Cohen, J. D., & Daw, N. D. (2022). The temporal dynamics of opportunity costs: A normative account of cognitive fatigue and boredom. Psychological Review, 129(3), 564–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000309

Alrabai, F., & Alamer, A. (2022). The role of learner character strengths and classroom emotions in L2 resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.987554

Al-Makhamreh, M., & Stockley, D. (2020). Mentorship and well-being: Examining doctoral students’ lived experiences in doctoral supervision context. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 9(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-02-2019-0013

Amiri, E., Elkarfa, A., Sbaihi, M., Iannàccaro, G., & Tamburini, E. (2022). Students’ experiences and perceptions of Boredom in EFL academic context. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 4(4), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v4i4.1140

Ardi, P., Amalia, S. N., Widiati, U., Walker, D., & Prihandoko, L. A. (2024). Writing enjoyment among EFL postgraduate students in Indonesia: The interplay between students’ writing self-efficacy and research literacy and teachers’ immediacy and clarity. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 17(1), 632–661.

Ardi, P., Mukti, T. W. P., Basthomi, Y., & Widiati, U. (2023). Delving into Indonesian EFL pre-service teachers’ professional identity configuration in teaching practicum. rEFLections, 30(2), 223–246.

Arens, A. K., Jansen, M., Preckel, F., Schmidt, I., & Brunner, M. (2020). The structure of academic self-concept: A methodological review and empirical illustration of central models. Review of Educational Research, 91(1), 34–72. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320972186

Barrett, L. F. (2006). Are emotions natural kinds? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 28–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x

Bice, M. R., Hollman, A., Ball, J., & Hollman, T. (2022) Mentorship: An assessment of faculty scholarly production, mode of doctoral work, and mentorship. American Journal of Distance Education, 36(3), 208–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2021.1941724

Cents-Boonstra, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Denessen, E., Aelterman, N., & Haerens, L. (2021). Fostering student engagement with motivating teaching: An observational study of teacher and student behaviours. Research Papers in Education, 36(6), 754–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1767184

Cornér, S., Pyhältö, K., Peltonen, J., & Löfström, E. (2021). Interest, burnout, and drop-out intentions among Finnish and Danish humanities and social sciences Ph.D. students. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 16, 593–609. https://doi.org/10.28945/4867

Corsini, A., Pezzoni, M., & Visentin, F. (2022). What makes a productive Ph.D. student? Research Policy, 51(10), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104561

Coşkun, A., & Yükse, Y. (2022). Examining English as a foreign language students’ boredom in terms of different variables. Acuity: Journal of English Language Pedagogy, Literature, and Culture, 7(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.35974/acuity.v7i2.2539

Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publication, Inc.

Cui, G., Lan, X., Zhang, X., Hu, Y., & Wang, C. (2022). The association between teacher enthusiasm and students’ class-related boredom: A multilevel study. Current Psychology, 41(6), 3678–3686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00890-2

Daniels, L. M., Tze, V. M. C., & Goetz, T. (2015). Examining boredom: Different causes for different coping profiles. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 255–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.004

Daschmann, E. C., Goetz, T., & Stupnisky, R. H. (2014). Exploring the antecedents of boredom: Do teachers know why students are bored? Teaching and Teacher Education, 39, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.11.009

Dattalo, P. (2010). Strategies to approximate random sampling and assignment. Oxford University Press, Inc.

de Caux, B. C. (2019). A short history of doctoral studies. In L. Pretorius, L. Macaulay, & B. C. de Caux (Eds.), Wellbeing in doctoral education (pp. 9–18). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9302-0

Derakhshan, A., Kruk, M., Mehdizadeh, M., & Pawlak, M. (2021). Boredom in online classes in the Iranian EFL context: Sources and solutions. System, 101, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102556

Desmennu, A. T., & Owoaje, E. T. (2018). Challenges of research conduct among postgraduate research students in African University. Educational Research and Reviews, 13(9), 336–342. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ERR2017.3359

Dewaele, J. M., & Li, C. (2021). Teacher enthusiasm and students’ social-behavioral learning engagement: The mediating role of student enjoyment and boredom in Chinese EFL classes. Language Teaching Research, 25(6), 922–945. https:/doi.org/10.1177/13621688211014538

Dewaele, J. M., Saito, K., & Halimi, F. (2022). How teacher behaviour shapes foreign language learners’ enjoyment, anxiety and attitudes/motivation: A mixed modelling longitudinal investigation. Language Teaching Research, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221089601

Doumit, C. A., Malaeb, D., Akel, M., Salameh, P., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2023). Association between personality traits and phubbing: The co-modeling roles of boredom and loneliness. Healthcare, 11(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060915

Dumančić, D. (2018). Investigating boredom among EFL teachers. ExELL, 6(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.2478/exell-2019-0006

D’Coutu, M., & Rosenhan, S. H. (2017). How students research: Implications for the library and faculty. Journal of Library Administration, 55(7), 562–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2015.1076312

Edenfield, C., & McBrayer, J. (2021). Institutional conditions that matter to community college students’ success. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 45, 718–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2020.1785353

Elpidorou, A. (2022). Boredom and cognitive engagement: A functional theory of boredom. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 14, 959–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-021-00599-6

Finkielsztein, M. (2020). Class-related academic boredom among university students: Aqualitative research on boredom coping strategies. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(8), 1098–1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1658729

Friedrich, J., Bareis, A., Bross, M., Burger, Z., Rodriguez, C. A., Effenberger, N., Kleinhansl, M., Kremer, F., & Schroder, C. (2023). How is your thesis going? Ph.D. students’ perspectives on mental health and stress in academia. PLoS ONE, 18(7), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288103

Fuente, J., Paoloni, P., Vera-Martínez, M., & Garzón-Umerenkova, A. (2020). Effect of levels of self-regulation and situational stress on achievement emotions in undergraduate students: Class, study and testing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124293

Furlong, M., Smith, D. C., Springer, T., & Dowdy, E. (2021). Bored with school! Bored with life? Well-being characteristics associated with a school boredom mindset. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 5(1), 42–64. https://doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v5i1.261

George, M., & Hughes, R. (2023). Exploring the lived experience of mature Ph.D. students receiving one-to-one coaching sessions during their Ph.D. journey. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice, 16(2), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17521882.2023.2213772

Gillani, B., Cohen, F., & Kirchgesler, K. (2023). Sites of possibilities: A scoping review to investigate the mentorship of marginalized social work doctoral students. Journal of Evidence-based Social Work, 20(4), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2023.2171328

Goldberg, Y. K., Eastwood, J. D., Laguardua, J., & Danckert, J. (2011). Boredom: An emotional experience distinct from apathy, anhedonia, or depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(6), 647–666. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.6.647

Guo, J. P., Yang, L. Y., Zhang, J., & Gan, Y. J. (2022). Academic self-concept, perceptions of the learning environment, engagement, and learning outcomes of university students: Relationships and causal ordering. Higher Education, 83, 89–828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00705-8

Haager, J. S., Kuhbandner, C., & Pekrun, R. (2018). To be bored or not to be bored – How task-related boredom influence creative performance. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 52(4), 281–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.154

Hagenauer, G., Gläser-Zikuda, M., & Moschner, B. (2018). University students’ emotions, life-satisfaction and study commitment: A self-determination theoretical perspective. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 42(6), 808–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2017.1323189

Haider, Z., & Dasti, R. (2022). Mentoring, research self-efficacy, work–life balance and psychological well-being of doctoral program students. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 11(2), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-07-2020-0036

Hansen, M., & Mendzheritskaya, J. (2017). How university lecturers’ display of emotion affects students’ emotions, failure attributions, and behavioral tendencies in Germany, Russia, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 734–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117697845

Hjálmsdóttir, A., & Rafnsdóttir, G. L. (2022). Gender, doctorate holders, career path, and work–life balance within and outside of academia. Journal of Sociology, 60(1), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/14407833221128842

Hoang, C. H., & Pretorius, L. (2019). Identity and agency as academics: Navigating academia as a doctoral student. In L. Pretorius, L. Macaulay, & B. C. de Caux (Eds.), Wellbeing in doctoral education (pp. 143–152). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9302-0

Hughes, E. (2023). Meaninglessness and monotony in pandemic boredom. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 22, 1105–1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-023-09888-0

Jackman, P. C., Slater, M. J., Carter, E. E., Sisson, K., & Bird, M. D. (2023). Social support, social identification, mental wellbeing, and psychological distress in doctoral students: A person-centred analysis. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 47(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2022.2088272

Kalubi, J., Bertrand, Y., Dagenais, B., Houde, R., Marcoux, S., & Bujold, M. (2020). Graduate students’ mental health: Exploring experiences of isolation and loneliness. European Journal of Public Health, 30(5), Article ckaa165.340. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.340

Kenah, K., Bernhardt, J., Cumming, T., Spratt, N., Luker, J., & Janssen, H. (2018). Boredom in patients with acquired brain injuries during inpatient rehabilitation: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(22), 2713–2722. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1354232

Kenah, K., Bernhardt, J., Spratt, N. J., Oldmeadow, C., & Janssen, H. (2022). Depression and a lack of socialization are associated with high levels of boredom during stroke rehabilitation: An exploratory study using a new conceptual framework. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 33(3), 497–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2022.2030761

Krannich, M., Goetz, T., Lipnevich, A. A., Bieg, M., Roos, A., Becker, E. S., & Morger, V. (2019). Being over- or under challenged in class: Effects on students’ career aspirations via academic self-concept and boredom. Learning Individual Differences, 69, 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.10.004

Kruk, M. (2016). Variations in motivation, anxiety and boredom in learning English in second Life. The EUROCALL Review, 24(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2016.5693

Kruk, M., Pawlak, M., Elahi, S. M., Taherian, T., & Yazdanmehr, E. (2022a). A longitudinal study of foreign language enjoyment and boredom: A latent growth curve modeling. Language Teaching Research, 29(3), Article 1082303. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221082303

Kruk, M., Pawlak, M., Shirvan, M. E., Taherian, T., & Yazdanmehr, E. (2022b). Potential sources of foreign language learning boredom: A Q methodology study. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 12(1), 37–58. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.1.3

Kruk, M., & Zawodniak, J. (2018). Boredom in practical English language classes: Insights from interview data. In L. Szymański, J. Zawodniak, A. Łobodziec, & M. Smoluk (Eds.), Interdisciplinary views on the English language, literature and culture (pp. 177–191). Uniwersytet Zielonogórski.

Kruk, M., Zawodniak, J., Chumas, J., & Zielonogórski, U. (2017). Towards conceptualizing boredom as an emotion in the EFL academic context. Konin Language Studies, 5(4), 425–441. https://doi.org/10.30438/ksj.2017.5.4.3

Lau, R. W. K., & Pretorius, L. (2019). Intrapersonal wellbeing and the academic mental health crisis. In L. Pretorius, L. Macaulay, & B. C. de Caux (Eds.), Wellbeing in doctoral education (pp. 37–46). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9302-0

Laufer, M., & Gorup, M. (2019). The invisible others: Stories of international doctoral student dropout. Higher Education, 78, 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0337-z

Li, C. (2021). A control-value theory approach to boredom in English classes among university students in China. The Modern Language Journal, 105(1), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12693

Li, C., Dewaele, J. M., & Hu, Y. (2023). Foreign language learning boredom: Conceptualization and measurement. Applied Linguistics Review, 14(2), 223–249. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2020-0124

Li, C., & Wei, L. (2022). Anxiety, enjoyment, and boredom in language learning amongst junior secondary students in rural China: How do they contribute to L2 achievement? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 45(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263122000031

Locher, M. A., & Bolander, B. (2019). Ethics in pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 145, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.011

Mackie, S. A., & Bates, G. W. (2019). Contribution of the doctoral education environment to PhD candidates’ mental health problems: A scoping review. Higher Education Research and Development, 38(3), 565–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2018.1556620

Marx, D., Panther, L., Thomas, R., & McNeil, H. (2021). Multifaceted mentorship community: Resisting historical mentoring to create mentee-initiated and sustained mentorship for women doctoral students. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 29(4), 430–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2021.1954456

McAlpine, L., Skakni, I., & Pyhältö, K. (2022). PhD experience (and progress) is more than work: Life-work relations and reducing exhaustion (and cynicism). Studies in Higher Education, 47(2), 352–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1744128

Mcculloch, A., Guerin, C., Jayatilaka, A., Calder, P., & Ranasinghe, D. (2017). Choosing to study for a PhD: A framework for examining decisions to become a research student. Higher Education Review, 49(2), 85–106.

Muniroh, S. (2019). Maintaining emotional wellbeing for doctoral students: Indonesian students’ mechanism of thinking out loud. In L. Pretorius, L. Macaulay, & B. C. de Caux (Eds.), Wellbeing in doctoral education (pp. 113–126). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9302-0

Nakamura, S., Darasawang, P., & Reinders, H. (2021). The antecedents of boredom in L2 classroom learning. System, 98, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102469

Naylor, R., Chakravarti, S., & Baik, C. (2017). Expectations and experiences of off-campus PhD students in Australia. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 42(4), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2017.1301405

Nurmalitasari, Long, Z. A., & Noor, M. F. M. (2023). Factors influencing dropout students in higher education. Education Research International, 2023(1), Article 7704142. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7704142

Ouaja, M., Widiati, U., Basthomi, Y., & Jahbel, K. (2020). The relationship between emotional intelligence and receptive English skills of Tunisian IT students: A preliminary study. TEFLIN Journal, 31(2), 230–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v31i2/230-258

Özerk, G. (2020). Academic boredom: An underestimated challenge in schools. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 13(1), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2020.177

Pawlak, M., Kruk, M., Zawodniak, J., & Pasikowski, S. (2020). Investigating factors responsible for boredom in English classes: The case of advanced learners. System, 91, Article 102259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102259

Plakhotnik, M. S., Volkova, N. V., Jiang, C., Yahiaoui, D., Pheiffer, G., McKay, K., Newman, S., & Thust, S. R. (2021). The perceived impact of covid-19 on student well-being and the mediating role of the university support: Evidence from France, Germany, Russia, and the UK. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642689

Putwain, D. W., Pekrun, R., Nicholson, L. J., Symes, W., Becker, S., & Marsh, H. W. (2018). Control-value appraisals, enjoyment, and boredom in Mathematics: A longitudinal latent interaction analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 55(6), 1339–1368. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831218786689

Qin, W. (2022). EFL Teachers’ immediacy and professional commitment on students’ boredom: A review of literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.808311

Salinas-Perez, J. A., Rodero-Cosano, M. L., Rigabert, A., & Motrico, E. (2019). Actions and techniques in supervision, mentorships and tutorial activities to foster doctoral study success: A scoping literature review. International Journal of Educational Research, 96, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.05.004

Sarikaya, E. E., & Çağlar, A. (2021). The experiences of Ph.D. drop-outs in geography. International Journal of Asian Education, 2(3), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v2i3.197

Satinsky, E. N., Kimura, T., Kiang, M. V., Abebe, R., Cunningham, S., Lee, H., Lin, X., Liu, C. H., Rudan, I., Sen, S., Tomlinson, M., Yaver, M., & Tsai, A. C. (2021). Systematic review and meta-analysis of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among Ph.D. students. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 14370. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93687-7

Schwartze, M. M., Frenzel, A. C., Goetz, T., Pekrun, R., Reck, C., Marx, A. K. G., & Fiedler, D. (2021). Boredom makes me sick: Adolescents’ boredom trajectories and their health-related quality of life. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 18(12), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126308

Shao, K., & Parkinson, B. (2021). Social psychological accounts of peer emotion transfer in EFL classrooms: A doubly latent multilevel analysis. Language Teaching Research, 28(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211011513

Sharp, J. G., Zhu, X., Matos, M., & Sharp, J. C. (2021). The Academic Boredom Survey Instrument (ABSI): A measure of trait, state and other characteristic attributes for the exploratory study of student engagement. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 45(9), 1253–1280. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1947998

Shen, G. (2022). Anxiety, boredom, and burnout among EFL teachers: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842920

Solhi, M. (2021). University students’ multidimensional state boredom and strategies to cope with classroom boredom. Journal of Language and Education, 7(2), 204–222. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2021.12256

Szigeti, F. (2019). The patterns of the dropout of doctoral students. Hungarian Educational Research Journal, 9(2), 288–302. https://doi.org/10.1556/063.9.2019.1.25

Sverdlik, A., Hall, N. C., & Vallerand, R. J. (2022). Doctoral students and Covid-19: Exploring challenges, academic progress, and wellbeing. Educational Psychology, 43(5), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2022.2091749

Tam, K. Y. Y., Poon, C. Y. S., Hui, V. K. Y., Wong, C. Y. F., Kwong, V. W. Y., Yuen, G. W. C., & Chan, C. S. (2020). Boredom begets boredom: An experience sampling study on the impact of teacher boredom on student boredom and motivation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(S1), 124–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12309

Tam, K. Y. Y., Tilburg, A. A. P., & Chan, C. S. (2021). What is boredom proneness? A comparison of the three characterizations. Journal of Personality, 89(4), 831–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12618

Tempelaar, D., & Niculescu, A. (2023). Academic boredom(s): A person-centered investigation. Frontiers in Sociology, 8, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1190872

Tuma, T. T., Adams, J. D., Hultquist, B. C., & Dolan, E. L. (2021). The dark side of development: A systems characterization of the negative mentoring experiences of doctoral students. CBE Life Sciences Education, 20(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.20-10-0231

van Hooft, E. A. J., & van Hooff, M. L. M. (2018). The state of boredom: Frustrating or depressing? Motivation and Emotion, 42(6), 931–946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9710-6

van Rooij, E., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M., & Jansen, E. (2021). Factors that influence PhD candidates’ success: The importance of PhD project characteristics. Studies in Continuing Education, 43(1), 48–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2019.1652158

van Tilburg, W. A. P., Igou, E. R., & Panjwani, M. (2022). Boring people: Stereotype characteristics, interpersonal attributions, and social reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(9), 1329–1343. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672221079104

Vekkaila, J., Pyhältö, K., & Lonka, K. (2011). Experiences of Disengagement: A study of doctoral students in the behavioral sciences. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 8, 61–81. https://doi.org/10.28945/1870

Wang, Y. (2023). Probing into the boredom of online instruction among Chinese English language teachers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, 43, 12144–12158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04223-3

Westgate, E. C. (2020). Why boredom is interesting. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419884309

Westgate, E. C., & Wilson, T. D. (2018). Boring thoughts and bored minds: The MAC model of boredom and cognitive engagement. Psychological Review, 125(5), 689–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000097

Westphal, A., Kretschmann, J., Gronostaj, A., & Vock, M. (2018). More enjoyment, less anxiety and boredom: How achievement emotions relate to academic self-concept and teachers’ diagnostic skills. Learning and Individual Differences, 62, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.01.016

Wiesenthal, N. J., Gin, L. E., & Cooper, K. M. (2023). Face negotiation in graduate school: The decision to conceal or reveal depression among life sciences Ph.D. students in the United States. International Journal of STEM Education, 10(35), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-023-00426-7

Wirtz, E., Dunford, A., Berger, E., & Briody, E. (2018). Resource usage and usefulness: Academic help-seeking behaviours of undergraduate engineering students. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, 23(2), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/22054952.2018.1525889

Wollast, R., Boudrenghien, G., Linden, N. V. D., Galand, B., Roland, N., Devos, C., Clercq, M. D., Klein, O., Azzi, A., & Frenay, M. (2018). Who are the doctoral students who drop out? Factors associated with the rate of doctoral degree completion in universities. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(4), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n4p143

Xie, J., Xu, J., Wei, T., Gallo, K., Giles, M. E., Zhan, Y., Zeng, Y., Huang, X., & Liu, X. (2022). Contributing factors, attribution, and coping in academic boredom: An exploratory case study of graduate students in education. Adult Learning, 33(3), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045159520987304

Yacek, D. W., & Gary, K. (2022). The uses and abuses of boredom in the classroom. British Educational Research Journal, 49(1), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3833

Yan, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, K., & Cui, G. (2023). Perceived teacher enthusiasm and professional commitment: The mediating role of boredom and learning engagement. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 1149–1163. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S400137

Zawodniak, J., Kruk, M., & Pawlak, M. (2023). Boredom as an aversive emotion experienced by English majors. RELC Journal, 54(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220973732

Zheng, J. (2021). A functional review of research on clarity, immediacy, and credibility of teachers and their impacts on motivation and engagement of students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712419

Zheng, H., Herawati, H., & Saneewong, S. (2019). Effective intercultural supervision: Using reflective practice to enhance students’ and supervisors’ intercultural competence. In L. Pretorius, L. Macaulay, & B. C. de Caux (Eds.), Wellbeing in doctoral education (pp. 219–228). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9302-0

Zhao, Y., & Yang, L. (2022). Examining the relationship between perceived teacher support and students’ academic engagement in foreign language learning: Enjoyment and boredom as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.987554