An Exploratory Study of Reflective Dialogue Journal Writing of EFL Graduate Students in the English as a Foreign Language Context
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine Thai EFL graduate students’ perceptions towards reflective dialogue journal writing (RDJW), their writing fluency as well as self-awareness of their own English language learning and writing development. Thirty-four Thai graduate students aged 23 to 39 were required to carry out the RDJW task for 13 weeks – one journal entry per week. The teacher provided feedback to each journal entry on its content to which the students replied in a dialogic manner. After having completed 13 journal entries, the students completed a questionnaire and were interviewed individually. In addition, focus group discussions were implemented. The students’ writing fluency was also assessed quantitatively through a product-based indicator. The findings of the study revealed that the students viewed RDJW as a means to engage a student and the teacher in a two-way communication as they exchanged information without worrying about making or correcting errors in the writing. The students also reported an improvement in their writing fluency since their journal entries were longer and they could communicate their thoughts and feelings more easily. A paired t-test confirmed the significant gains in terms of the number of words written in the journals. RDJW also served as students’ reflection which heightened the awareness of their own English language learning and writing development.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abednia, A., Hovassapian, A., Teimournezhad, S., & Ghanbari, N. (2013). Reflective journal writing: Exploring in-service EFL teachers’ perceptions. System, 41, 503-514.
Ahmed, A. M. (2019). Students’ reflective journaling: An impactful strategy that informs instructional practices in an EFL writing university context in Qatar. International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 20(4), 483-500.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623943.2019.1638246
Anderson, J. (2012). Reflective journals as a tool for auto-ethnographic learning: A case study of student experiences with individualized sustainability. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 36(4), 613–623.
Armstrong, K. M. (2010). Fluency, accuracy and complexity in graded and ungraded writing. Foreign Language Annals, 43(4), 690–702.
Biria, R., & Jafari, S. (2013). The impact of collaborative writing on the writing fluency of Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(1), 164–175.
Bonzo, J. D. (2008). To assign a topic or not: Observing fluency in intermediate foreign language writing. Foreign Language Annals, 41, 722-735.
Brown, D. H. (1994). Principle of language teaching and learning. Prentice Hall Regent.
Chenoweth, N. A., & Hayes, J. R. (2001). Fluency in writing: Generating text in L1 and L2. Written Communication, 18(1), 80–98.
Chiesa, D. L., & Bailey, K. M. (2015). Dialogue Journal. In D. Nunan & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Language learning beyond the classroom (pp. 53-62). Routledge.
Cone, L. (2016). Confronting writing anxiety. University of Richmond Writing Center. http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/writinganxietyprint.html
Dabbagh, A. (2017). The effect of dialogue journal writing on EFL learners’ descriptive writing performance: A quantitative study. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 6(3), 71-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.3p.71
Dengub, E. (2012). Investigating syntactic and lexical complexity, accuracy and fluency in the writing of heritage speakers of Russian [Doctoral dissertation, Bryn Mawr College]. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/dissertations
Ellis, R., & Yuan, F. (2004). The effects of planning on fluency, complexity and accuracy in second language narrative writing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(1), 59–84.
Elola, I. (2010). Collaborative writing: Fostering foreign language and writing conventions development. Language Learning & Technology, 14(3), 51–71.
English, L. M., & Gillen, M. A. (Eds.). (2001). Promoting journal writing in adult education. New Direction for Adult and Continuing Education, 90. Jossey-Bass.
Foroutan, M., Noordin, N., & Hamzah, M. S. (2013). How can dialogue journal writing improve learners’ writing performance in the English as a second language context? Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 7(2), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0723542
Gilliland, B. (2021). 6 Ways to build fluency in second language writing. TESOL Blog. http://blog.tesol.org/6-waysto-build-fluency-in-second-language-writing/
HarperCollins. (n.d.). Fluency. In Collins English dictionary. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fluency
Head, P. (2016). Introducing freewriting to a Japanese high school English class. In P. Clements, A. Krause & H. Brown (Eds.), Focus on the learner. JALT. https://jalt-publications.org/files/pdf-article/jalt2015-pcp_013.pdf
Holmes, B., Waterbury, T., Baltrinic, E., & Davis, A. (2018). Angst about academic writing: Graduate students at the brink. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 11(2), 65-70.
Isserlis, J. L. (1991). Dialogue journal writing as part of a learner-centered curriculum. In J. P. Peyton & J. Staton (Eds.), Writing our live: Reflecting on dialogue journal writing with adults learning English (pp. 45-51). Prentice Hall.
Johnson, M. D., Mercado, L., & Acevedo, A. (2012). The effect of pre-task planning sub- processes on L2 writing fluency, grammatical complexity and lexical complexity. Journal of Second Language Writing, 21(3), 264–282.
Johnson, S., & Cheng, B. (2019). The effectiveness of dialogue journal writing on the writing ability of Japanese learners of English. Language, Culture and Communication, 11, 97-128. https://icc.rikkyo.ac.jp/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2015/12/bulletin_2019_04.pdf
Khairunnisa, H. (2018). The effects of dialogue journal writing (DJW) in engaging and empowering writing skill. The Asian EFL Journal, 11(20), 224-230. https://www.asian-efl-journal.com/monthly-editions-new/2018-teaching-articles/volume-20-issue-11-2018/index.htm
Kim, J. (2005). A community within the classroom: Dialogue journal writing of adult ESL leaners. Adult Basic Education, 15(1), 21-32.
Lagan, J. (2000). College writing skills. Longman.
Lannin, A. A. (2007). Freewriting for fluency and flow in eighth and ninth grade reading classes [Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri]. http://search.proquest.com/docview/304839578
Madriz, E. (2000). Focus groups in feminist research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 835–850). Sage.
Merc, A. (2016). Research anxiety among Turkish graduate ELT students. Current Issues in Education, 19(1), 1-15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297573095_Research_Anxiety_among_Turkish_Graduate_ELT_Students
Myers, J. L. (2001). Self-evaluations of the “stream of thought” in journal writing. System, 29, 481-488.
Patterson, D. (2013). Using writing journals as a means of increasing EFL writing fluency. Proceedings of ICLC 2013: The 5th International Conference on Language & Communication, 81-91. https://www.academia.edu/7297345/Using_Writing_Journals_as_a_Means_of_Increasing_EFL_Writing_Fluency
Pavlovich, K. (2007). The development of reflective practice through student journals. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(3), 281–295.
Peyton, J. K. (2000). Dialogue journals: Interactive writing to develop language and literacy. ERIC Digest. National Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education. http://www.cal.org/ncle/digests/Dialogue_Journals.html
Rattanaintanin, S. (2017). Using dialogue journals to enhance students’ writing ability and willingness to orally communicate. Prince of Songkla University. https://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2016/11729/1/420129.pdf
Reed, L. (1993). Opening the door to communication in the multilingual/multicultural classroom. In J. K. Peyton & J. Staton (Eds.), Dialogue journals in the multilingual classroom: Building fluency and writing skills through written interaction (pp. 219-246). Ablex.
Rodgers, C. (2002). Defining reflection: Another look at John Dewey and reflective thinking. Teachers College Record, 104(4), 842–866.
Rogers, R. (2001). Reflection in higher education: A concept analysis. Innovative Higher Education, 26(1), 37–57.
Rokni, S. J. A., & Seifi, A. (2013). The effect of dialog journal writing on EFL learners’ grammar knowledge. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 9(2), 57-67.
Semke, H. D. (1984). Effects of the red pen. Foreign Language Annuls, 17(3), 195-202.
Staton, J. (1980). Writing and counseling: Using a dialogue journal. Language Arts, 57, 514-518.
Staton, J., Shuy, R. W., Peyton, J. K., & Reed, L. (Eds.). Dialogue journal communication: Classroom, linguistic, social, and cognitive views. Ablex.
Tuan, L. T. (2010). Enhancing EFL learners’ writing skill via journal writing. English Language Teaching, 3(3), 81-88.
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher psychological processes. (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Eds. & Trans.). Harvard University Press.
Watson, D. (2010). Teaching teachers to think: Reflective journaling as a strategy to enhance students’ understanding and practice of academic writing. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 7(12), 11–18.
Wolfe-Quintero, K., Inagaki, S., & Kim, H. Y. (1998). Second language development inwriting: Measures of fluency, accuracy and complexity. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Zabihi, R., & Rezazadeh, M. (2013). Creativity and narrative writing in L2 classrooms: Comparing individual and paired task performance. Bellaterra Journal of Teaching & Learning Language & Literature, 6(3), 29–46.