An Importance-performance Analysis of Chinese Tourists’ Perceived Risk in Thailand

Authors

  • Lertporn Parasakul Faculty of Management Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Thailand

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55766/RCXC8198

Keywords:

Importance-Performance Analysis, Perceived risk, Dimensions of risk, Chinese tourists

Abstract

This research paper examined Chinese tourists’ perceived importance and performance risk in Thailand using an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). The factor analysis classified 24 risk attributes into 5 dimensions of risk: Social risk, Satisfaction risk, Service/performance risk, Physical risk, and Political/financial risk. The IPA grids illustrated that the Satisfaction risk fell into the Concentrate Here quadrant; Physical and Service/performance risks in the Keep Up the Good Work quadrant; Social risk in the Low Priority quadrant; and Political/financial risk in the Possible Overkill quadrant. Implications for tourism management, tourism planners and industry were discussed.

Author Biography

Lertporn Parasakul, Faculty of Management Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Thailand

B.Sc.(Mahidol University), B.A.(Ramkamhaeng), M.A.(Chulalongkorn Uni.), Ph.D.(University of Queensland), Dip in TESL(Victoria University of Wellington)

References

Batra, A. (2008). Foreign Tourists’ Perception Towards Personal Safety and Potential Crime While Visiting Bangkok. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research. 19: 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2008.9687055

Beneke, J., Flynn, R., Greig, T., & Mukaiwa, M. (2013). The Influence of Perceived Product Quality, Relative Price and Risk on Customer Value and Willingness to Buy: A Study of Private Label Merchandise. Journal of Product Brand Management. 22(3): 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-02-2013-0262

Bennett, R., Härtel, C. E., & McColl-Kennedy, J. R. (2005). Experience as A Moderator of Involvement and Satisfaction on Brand Loyalty in A Business-To-Business Setting 02-314R. Industrial Marketing Management. 34(1): 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2004.08.003

Bentley, T., Page, S., Meyer, D., Chalmers, D., & Laird, I. (2001). How Safe Is Adventure Tourism in New Zealand? An Exploratory Analysis. Applied Ergonomics. 32(4): 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(01)00011-4

Blešić, J., Popov-Raljić, J., Uravić, L., Stankov, U., Đeri, L., Pantelić, M., & Armenski, T. (2014). An Importance-Performance Analysis of Service Quality in Spa Hotels. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 27(1): 483-495. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.967537

Chew, T., Jahari, A. (2014). Destination Image as A Mediator Between Perceived Risks and Revisit Intention: A Case of Post-Disaster Japan. Tourism Management. 40: 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008

Chu, R., K., S., & Choi, T. (2000). An Importance-Performance Analysis of Hotel Selection Factors in The Hong Kong Hotel Industry: A Comparison of Business and Leisure Travellers. Tourism Management. 21: 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00070-9

Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An Overview of Tourism Risk Perception. Natural Hazards. 82: 643–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2208-1

De-Nisco, A., Riviezzo, A., & Napolitano, M., R. (2015). An Importance-Performance Analysis of Tourist Satisfaction at Destination Level: Evidence from Campania (Italy). European Journal of Tourism Research. 10: 64-75. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v10i.179

Dickson, T., & Dolnicar, S. (2004). No Risk, No Fun: The Role of Perceived Risk in Adventure Tourism. Paper presented at the 13th International Research Conference of the Council of Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE). Brisbane. 10-13 February 2004

Ennew, C., Reed, G. & Binks, M., R. (1993). Importance-Performance Analysis and the Measurement of Service Quality. European Journal of Marketing. 27(2): 59-61. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569310026402

Fornell, C. (1992). A National Customer Satisfaction Barometer: The Swedish Experience. Journal of Marketing. 56: 6-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299205600103

Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist Destination Risk Perception: The Case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing. 14(2): 83-108. https://doi.org/10.1300/J150v14n02_06

Fuchs, G., Uriely, N., Reichel, A., & Maoz, D. (2013). Vacationing in A Terror-Stricken Destination: Tourists’ Risk Perceptions and Rationalizations. Journal of Travel Research. 52: 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512458833

Grönroos, C. (1984). A Service Quality Model and Its Marketing Implications. European Journal of Marketing. 18(4): 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004784

Gua, Y., Kim, S., S., & Timothy, D., J. (2007). Development Characteristics and Implications of Mainland Chinese Outbound Tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 12(4): 313-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660701760995

Hasan, M., K., Ismail, A., R., & Islam, M., F. (2017). Tourist Risk Perceptions and Revisit Intention: A Critical Review of Literature. Cogent Business & Management. 4(1412874): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1412874

Henkel, R., Henkel, P., Agrusa, W., Agrusa, J., & Tanner, J. (2006). Thailand as a Tourist Destination: Perceptions of International Visitors and Thai Residents. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 11(3): 269-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660600753299

Heung, V., C., S. (2000). Satisfaction Levels of Mainland Chinese Travelers with Hong Kong Hotel Services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 12(5): 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110010339689

Heung, V., C., S., Qu, H., & Chu, R. (2001). The Relationship Between Vacation Factors and Socio-Demographic and Travelling Characteristics: The Case of Japanese Leisure Travellers. TourismManagement. 22(3): 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00057-1

Jin, E., Line, N., & Merkebu, J. (2016). The Impact of Brand Prestige on Trust, Perceived Risk, Satisfaction, And Loyalty in Upscale Restaurants. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management. 25(5): 523–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2015.1063469

Johnson, M., Gabarino, E., & Sivadas, E. (2006). Influences of Customer Differences of Loyalty, Perceived Risk and Category Experience on Customer Satisfaction Ratings. International Journal of Market Research. 48(5): 601–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530604800508

Kaiser, H., F. (1974). An Index of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika. 39: 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575

Kariyapol, T. (2019). The Operation of “Zero-Dollar Tours” after Their Rising Popularity in Thailand-A Case Study of Phuket, A Province Located in Southern Thailand. Sripatum Review of Humanities and Social Sciences. 19(1): 19-31.

Kovari, I., & Zimanyi, K. (2011). Safety and Security in The Age of Global Tourism (The Changing Role and Conception of Safety and Security in Tourism). Abstract: Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce. 5: 59–61. https://doi.org/10.19041/APSTRACT/2011/3-4/10

Lai, I., K., W., Hitchcock, M., Lu, D., & Liu, Y. (2018). The Influence of Word of Mouth on Tourism Destination Choice: Tourist-Resident Relationship and Safety Perception among Mainland Chinese Tourists Visiting Macau. Sustainability. 10, 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072114

Law, R. (2006). The Perceived Impact of Risks on Travel Decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research. 8: 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.576

Li, N., & Murphy, W., H. (2013). Prior Consumer Satisfaction and Alliance Encounter Satisfaction Attributions. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 30(4): 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-05-2013-0569

Ma, Y., Ooi, C., & Hardy, A. (2018). Chinese Travelling Overseas and Their Anxieties in E. C. L. Yang, C. Khoo-Lattimore (eds.). Asian Cultures and Contemporary Tourism, Perspectives on Asian Tourism. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7980-1_11. 201-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7980-1_11

MacKenzie, S., B. (1986). The Role of Attention in Mediating the Effect of Advertising on Attribute Importance. Journal of Consumer Research. 13(September): 174-195. https://doi.org/10.1086/209059

Martilla, J., A., & James, J., C. (1977). Importance-Performance Analysis. Journal of Marketing. 41(1): 77-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297704100112

Maser, B., & Weiermair, K. (1998). Travel Decision-Making: From the Vantage Point of Perceived Risk and Information Preferences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 7(4): 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v07n04_06

Maslow, A., H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review. 50(4): 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346

Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Harlow, UK: Longman.

Matzler, K., Sauerwein, E. & Heischmidt, K., A. (2003). Importance-Performance Analysis Revisited: The Role of the Factor Structure of Customer Satisfaction. Service Industries Journal. 23(2): 112-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060412331300912

Meng, J., & Elliott, K., M. (2008). Predictors of Relationship Quality for Luxury Restaurants. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 15(6): 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2008.02.002

Mitchell, V., W., & Greatorex, M. (1993). Risk Perception and Reduction in The Purchase of Consumer Service. The Service Industries Journal. 13(4): 179-200.

Moutinho, L. (1987) Consumer Behaviour in Tourism. European Journal of Marketing. 21: 5-44. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004718

Murray, K., B., & Schlacter, J., L. (1990). The Impact of Services Versus Goods on Consumers’ Assessment of Perceived Risk and Variability. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 18(1): 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02729762

Nazir, M., U., Yasin, I. & Tat, H., H. (2021). Destination Image’S Mediating Role Between Perceived Risks, Perceived Constraints, And Behavioral Intention. Heliyon. 7(7): e07613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07613

Oliver, R., L. (1980). A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions. Journal of Marketing Research. 17(4): 460-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378001700405

Parasakul, L. (2019a): Assessing Chinese Tourists’ Satisfaction with their Shopping Experiences in Bangkok Metropolis. Journal of China Tourism Research. 16(2): 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2019.1638864

Parasakul, L. (2019b). International Tourists’ Expectation and their Satisfaction with the Shopping Experience in Bangkok Metropolis. (In Thai). Journal of Modern Management. 17(1): 74-92.

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V., A., & Berry, L., L. (1985). A Concept Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research. Journal of Marketing. 49(3): 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298504900403

Pearce, P. L. & Wu, M.-Y. (2016), "Conclusion", The World Meets Asian Tourists. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2042-144320160000007019

Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (1996). Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel Anxiety and Intentions to Travel Internationally: Implications of Travel Risk Perception. Journal of Travel Research. 43(3): 212-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017

Roehl, W., S., & Fesenmaier, D., R. (1992). Risk Perceptions and Pleasure Travel: An Exploratory Analysis. Journal of Travel Research. 30(4): 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759203000403

Schmoll, G., A. (1977). Tourism Promotion. London: Tourism International Press.

Sethna, B., N. (1982). Extensions and Testing of Importance-Performance Analysis. Business Economics. 17(4): 28-31.

She, S., Tian, Y., Lu, L., Eimontaite, I., Xie, T., & Sun, Y. (2019). An Exploration of Hiking Risk Perception: Dimensions and Antecedent Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16, 1986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111986

Shin, Y-S. (2005). Safety, Security and Peace Tourism: The Case of The DMZ Area. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 10: 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660500363777

Slack, N. (1994). The Importance-Performance Matrix as a Determinant of Improvement Priority. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 14(5): 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579410056803

Sönmez, S., F., & Graefe, A., R. (1998). Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety. Journal of Travel Research. 37(2): 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700209

Sönmez S., F., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P. (1999). Tourism in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism. Journal of Travel Research. 38: 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800104

Tam, J., L., M. (2012). The Moderating Role of Perceived Risk in Loyalty Intentions: An Investigation in A Service Context. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 30(1): 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501211193903

Thai Websites. (2021).Tourism Statistics Thailand 2000-2021. [On-line]. Available: https://www.thaiwebsites.com/tourism.asp

TMB ANALYTICS. (2015). Resilience of Thai Tourism After Disaster Strikes. [On-line]. Available: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/680876/resilience-of-thai-tourism-after-disaster-strikes

Tsaur, S., Tzeng, G., & Wang, K. (1997). Evaluating Tourist Risks from Fussy Perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research. 24(4): 796–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00059-5

Tuohy, T. (2018). Chinese Tourist Numbers Fall as Phuket Boat Capsize Deaths Highlights Thailand’s Terrible Safety Records. [On-line]. Available: https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2159959/chinese-tourist-numbers-fall-phuket-boat-capsize-deaths

Wen, J., Lockyer, T. & Zhang, H. (2018). Destination Image and Perceived Risk of Visiting Ukraine: An Exploratory Study of Chinese Male Outbound Tourists. International Journal of Research in Tourism and Hospitality. 4(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-0043.0401001

Wirtz, J., & Mattila, A. (2001). Exploring the Role of Alternative Perceived Performance Measures and Needs Congruency in The Consumer Satisfaction Process. Journal of Consumer Psychology. 11(3): 81–192. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1103_04

Witt, S., F., & Moutinho, L. (1995). Tourism Marketing and Management Handbook. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Xu, Y. (2019). The Effect of Travel Motivation, Perceived Risk and Destination Image on Tourist Satisfaction-A Case Study of Chinese Tourists Having Revisit Intention in Bangkok, Thailand. M.S. thesis for MBA., Bangkok University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce.

Xu, H., Xu, S., & Wang, R. (2013). Study on Dimension Identification and Variance Analysis of Consumers’ Perceived risk in Travel. Tourism Tribune. 28: 71-80.

Yang, C., L., & Nair, V. (2014). Risk Perception Study in Tourism: Are We Really Measuring Perceived Risk? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 144: 322-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.302

Yang, E., C., L., Sharif, S., P., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2015). Tourists’ Risk Perception of Risky Destinations: The Case of Sabah’s Eastern Coast. Tourism and Hospitality Research. 15(3): 206-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415576085

Yüksel, A., & Yüksel, F. (2007). Shopping Risk Perceptions: Effects on Tourists’ Emotions, Satisfaction and Expressed Loyalty Intentions. Tourism Management. 28(3): 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.025

Zhang, B. (2016). The Impacts of Perceived Risk and Destination Image on Chinese Visitor’S Decision and Destination Loyalty for Visiting Thailand. M.S. thesis for MBA., Bangkok University.

Downloads

Published

2023-06-30

Issue

Section

Research Article