New Public Management: Contractual Relationships in the New Form of Outsourcing and Sharing Economy
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Published:
Mar 31, 2021
Keywords:
New Public Management Collaborative Governance Public-Private Partnership Sharing Economy Contracting-Out
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Abstract
This article presents the issue of contracting-out in the form of outsourcing. First, I review an approach to managerialism and neoliberalism as part of the New Public Management, particularly privatization is the root cause of outsourcing and subcontracting in public sector organizations. After that, I argue to public-private partnership because it doesn’t support cooperation from other sectors, such as civil society and trade unions. Meanwhile, the practice of collaborative governance promotes citizen engagement and deliberative democracy. Finally, the governance in the sharing economy focuses on the role of private sector in providing public services and benefits of sharing economy includes (1) the internal process of organizations both sharing data and hiring an external organization; (2) the external process of public service delivery. To sum up, the practice of sharing economy in public sectors must consider administrative costs and efficiencies along with equity and fairness for strengthening ownership and building an equal partnership.
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Academic Articles
References
ติน ปรัชญพฤทธิ์. (2552). ศัพท์รัฐประศาสนศาสตร์. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 1. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
ทศพร ศิริสัมพันธ์. (2549). ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับการบริหารราชการแนวใหม่. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 2. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักงานคณะกรรมการพัฒนาระบบราชการ
นิศาชล พรหมรินทร์. (2555). วิวัฒนาการกระบวนทัศน์รัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ไทย: บทสำรวจวรรณกรรมรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ไทย จากอดีตถึงปัจจุบัน. กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
ปกรณ์ ศิริประกอบ (2560). 3 พาราไดม์ทางรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์: แนวคิด ทฤษฎี และการนำไปปฏิบัติจริง. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 4. กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
อัมพร ธำรงลักษณ์. (2553). การบริหารการปกครองสาธารณะ : การบริหารรัฐกิจในศตวรรษที่ 21 (น. 1-34) กรุงเทพฯ: โครงการตำราและสิ่งพิมพ์ คณะรัฐศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์.
An, J., Zhang, L., Li, R., & Chen, Y. V. (2019). Collaborative governance in the sharing economy. A case of free-floating bicycle sharing with visualized analyzation. The Design Journal, 22(sup1), 777-788.
Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543-571.
Bevir, M. (2013a). Governance as Theory, Practice, and Dilemma. In M. Bevir (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 1-16). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Bevir, M. (2013b). Key Concepts in Governance. California: SAGE.
Bingham, L. S. (2011). Collaborative Governance. In M. Bevir (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 386-401). London: SAGE.
Bingman, C., & Pitsvada, B. (1997). The case for contracting out and privatization. Challenge, 40(6), 99-116.
Bowornwathana, B. (2010a). Minnowbrook IV in 2028: From American Minnowbrook to Global Minnowbrook. Public Administration Review, 70, s64-s68.
Bowornwathana, B. (2010b). History and Political Context of Public Administration in Thailand. In E. M. Berman (ed.), Public Administration in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Macao (pp. 29-52). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Cohen, S. & Eimicke, W. (2013). Contracting Out. In M. Bevir (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 237-251). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Denhardt, J. V. & Denhardt R. B. (2000). The New Public Service: Serving Rather Than Steering. Public Administration Review, 60(6), 549-559.
Denhardt, J. V. & Denhardt R. B. (2007). The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
Denhardt, J. V. & Denhardt R. B. (2015). The New Public Service: Revisited. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 664-672.
Erridge, A. (2009). Contracting for Public Services. In T. Bovaird & E. Loffler (eds.), Public Management and Governance (pp. 95-108). 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Farazmand, A. (2007). Strategic Public Personnel Administration: A Conceptual Framework for Building and Managing Human Capital in the 21st Century. In A. Farazmand (ed.), Strategic Public Personnel Administration: Building and Managing Human Capital for the 21st Century (3-21). Westport: Praeger.
Farneti, F., Padovani, E. & Young, D. W. (2010). Governance of Outsourcing and Contractual Relationships. In In S. P. Osborne (ed.), The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance (pp. 255-269). New York: Routledge.
Freeman, J. (1997). Collaborative Governance in the Administrative State. UCLA Law Review, 45(1), 1-98.
Funck, E., & Karlsson, T. (2019). 25 Years of Studying New Public Management in Public Administration: Accomplishments and Limitations. Financial Accountability & Management, Forthcoming. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429205
Ganapati, S., & Reddick, C. G. (2018). Prospects and challenges of sharing economy for the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 35(1), 77-87.
Gash, A. (2016). Collaborative Governance. In C. Ansell & J. Torfing (eds.), Handbook on Theories of Governance (pp. 454-467). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Goldsmith, S., & Eggers, W. D. (2005). Governing by Network: The New Shape of the Public Sector. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Gulick, L. (1937). Note on the Theory of Organization. In L. Gulick & L. Urwick (eds.), Papers on the Science of Administration (pp. 1-45). The Rumford Press. Retrieved from https://ia800700.us.archive.org/28/items/papersonscienceo00guli/papersonscienceo00guli.pdf
Gulick, L. (2012). Note on the Theory of Organization. In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde. (eds.), Public Administration Classic Reading (pp. 77-85). 7th Ed., Maiden: Wadsworth.
Heinrich, C. J. (2013). Public Management. In M. Bevir (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 252-269). London: SAGE.
Henry, N. (2010). Public Administration and Public Affairs. 11th ed. New York: Pearson.
Hofmann, S., Sæbø, Ø., Braccini, A. M., & Za, S. (2019). The public sector's roles in the sharing economy and the implications for public values. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.101399
Hood, C. (1991). A Public Management for All Seasons?. Public administration, 69(1), 3-19.
Huvanandana, M. & William, J. S. (1962). Public Administration in Thailand. Institute of Public Administration, Bangkok: Thammasat University.
ILO. (2016). Non-standard employment around the world: Understanding challenges, shaping prospects. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_534326.pdf
Johnston, V. R., & Seidenstat, P. (2007). Contracting out government services: Privatization at the millenium. International Journal of Public Administration, 30(3), 231-247.
Jreisat, J. E. (2014). Public Administration and a Changing Context. In S. Kim, S. Ashley & W. H. Lambright (eds.), Public Administration in the Context of Global Governance (pp. 22-27). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Kennett, P. (2010). Global Perspectives on Governance. In S. P. Osbornes (ed.), The (New) Public Governance: A Suitable Case for Treatment (pp. 19-35). Oxon: Routledge.
Kettl, D. F. (2005). The Global Public Management Revolution. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Khan, H. A. (2018). Globalization and the Challenges of Public Administration: Governance, Human Resource Management, Leadership, Ethics, E-Governance and Sustainability in the 21st Century.
Knafo, S. (2019). Neoliberalism and the origins of public management. Review of International Political Economy, 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1625425
Knafo, S., Dutta, S. J., Lane, R., & Wyn-Jones, S. (2019). The managerial lineages of neoliberalism. New Political Economy, 24(2), 235-251.
Llorens, J. J., Klingner, D. E. & Nalbandian, J. (2018). Public Personnel Management: Contexts and Strategies. 7th ed. New York: Routledge.
Marshall, G. S. & Abresch, C. (2018). New Public Management. In A. Farazmand (ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (pp. 4149-4157). Cham: Springer.
Ma, Y., Lan, J., Thornton, T., Mangalagiu, D., & Zhu, D. (2018). Challenges of collaborative governance in the sharing economy: The case of free-floating bike sharing in Shanghai. Journal of cleaner production, 197, 356-365.
Newman, J., Barnes, M., Sullivan, H., & Knops, A. (2004). Public Participation and Collaborative Governance. Journal of Social Policy, 33(2), 203-223.
OECD. (2009). Privatization in the 21st Century: Recent Experiences of OECD Countries. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corporate/ca/corporategovernanceofstate-ownedenterprises/48476423.pdf
Osborne, S. (2006). The New Public Governance?. Public Management Review, 8(3), 377-388.
Osborne, S. P. (2010). Introduction The (New) Public Governance: A Suitable Case for Treatment?. In S. P. Osborne (ed.), The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance (pp. 17-32). New York: Routledge.
Peters, B. G. (2010). The Politics of Bureaucracy: An Introduction to Comparative Public Administration. Oxon: Routledge.
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (2017). Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis – Into the Age of Austerity. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, M. (2015). From Old Public Administration to the New Public Service: Implications for Public Sector Reform in Developing Countries. UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/capacity-development/English/Singapore%20Centre/PS-Reform_Paper.pdf
Radnor, Z., Osborne, S. & Glennon, R. (2016). Public Management Theory. In C. Ansell & J. Torfing (eds.), Handbook on Theories of Governance (pp. 46-60). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Ranchords, S. (2019). Public Values, Private Regulators: Between Regulation in the Sharing Economy. Law & Ethics of Human Rights, 13(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2019-2005
Schroeter, E. (2007). New Public Management. In M. Bevir (ed.), Encyclopedia of Governance (pp. 612-616). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Serra, N., Spiegel, S. & Stiglitz, J. E. (2008). Introduction: From the Washington Consensus Towards a New Global Governance. In N. Serra & J. E. Stiglitz (eds.), The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance (pp. 3-13). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shafritz, J. M., Russell, E. W., Borick, C. P. & Hyde, A. C. (2017). Introducing Public Administration. 9th ed. New York: Routledge.
Shand, D. (1998). New public management: challenges and issues in an international perspective. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 44(3), 714-721.
Shepherd, S. (2018). Managerialism: an ideal type. Studies in Higher Education, 43(9), 1668-1678.
Taylor, F. W. (2012). Scientific Management. In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde. (eds.), Public Administration Classic Reading (pp. 32-34). 7th Ed., Maiden: Wadsworth.
UNDP. (2015). Public Administration Reform Practice Note. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-governance/dg-publications-for-website/public-administration-reform-practice-note-/PARPN_English.pdf
Vigoda, E. (2008). New Public Management. In E. Berman (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy (pp. 1321-1325). New York: CRC Press.
Wang, H., Xiong, W., Wu, G., & Zhu, D. (2018). Public–private partnership in public administration discipline: A literature review. Public management review, 20(2), 293-316.
Williamson, J. (2004). The Washington Consensus as Policy Prescription for Development. Retrieved from https://www.piie.com/publications/papers/williamson0204.pdf
Williamson, J. (2008). A Short History of the Washington Consensus. In N. Serra & J. E. Stiglitz (eds.), The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance (pp. 14-30). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (1994). Governance: The World Bank's Experience. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/711471468765285964/pdf/multi0page.pdf
ทศพร ศิริสัมพันธ์. (2549). ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับการบริหารราชการแนวใหม่. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 2. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักงานคณะกรรมการพัฒนาระบบราชการ
นิศาชล พรหมรินทร์. (2555). วิวัฒนาการกระบวนทัศน์รัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ไทย: บทสำรวจวรรณกรรมรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ไทย จากอดีตถึงปัจจุบัน. กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
ปกรณ์ ศิริประกอบ (2560). 3 พาราไดม์ทางรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์: แนวคิด ทฤษฎี และการนำไปปฏิบัติจริง. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 4. กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
อัมพร ธำรงลักษณ์. (2553). การบริหารการปกครองสาธารณะ : การบริหารรัฐกิจในศตวรรษที่ 21 (น. 1-34) กรุงเทพฯ: โครงการตำราและสิ่งพิมพ์ คณะรัฐศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์.
An, J., Zhang, L., Li, R., & Chen, Y. V. (2019). Collaborative governance in the sharing economy. A case of free-floating bicycle sharing with visualized analyzation. The Design Journal, 22(sup1), 777-788.
Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543-571.
Bevir, M. (2013a). Governance as Theory, Practice, and Dilemma. In M. Bevir (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 1-16). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Bevir, M. (2013b). Key Concepts in Governance. California: SAGE.
Bingham, L. S. (2011). Collaborative Governance. In M. Bevir (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 386-401). London: SAGE.
Bingman, C., & Pitsvada, B. (1997). The case for contracting out and privatization. Challenge, 40(6), 99-116.
Bowornwathana, B. (2010a). Minnowbrook IV in 2028: From American Minnowbrook to Global Minnowbrook. Public Administration Review, 70, s64-s68.
Bowornwathana, B. (2010b). History and Political Context of Public Administration in Thailand. In E. M. Berman (ed.), Public Administration in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Macao (pp. 29-52). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Cohen, S. & Eimicke, W. (2013). Contracting Out. In M. Bevir (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 237-251). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Denhardt, J. V. & Denhardt R. B. (2000). The New Public Service: Serving Rather Than Steering. Public Administration Review, 60(6), 549-559.
Denhardt, J. V. & Denhardt R. B. (2007). The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
Denhardt, J. V. & Denhardt R. B. (2015). The New Public Service: Revisited. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 664-672.
Erridge, A. (2009). Contracting for Public Services. In T. Bovaird & E. Loffler (eds.), Public Management and Governance (pp. 95-108). 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Farazmand, A. (2007). Strategic Public Personnel Administration: A Conceptual Framework for Building and Managing Human Capital in the 21st Century. In A. Farazmand (ed.), Strategic Public Personnel Administration: Building and Managing Human Capital for the 21st Century (3-21). Westport: Praeger.
Farneti, F., Padovani, E. & Young, D. W. (2010). Governance of Outsourcing and Contractual Relationships. In In S. P. Osborne (ed.), The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance (pp. 255-269). New York: Routledge.
Freeman, J. (1997). Collaborative Governance in the Administrative State. UCLA Law Review, 45(1), 1-98.
Funck, E., & Karlsson, T. (2019). 25 Years of Studying New Public Management in Public Administration: Accomplishments and Limitations. Financial Accountability & Management, Forthcoming. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3429205
Ganapati, S., & Reddick, C. G. (2018). Prospects and challenges of sharing economy for the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 35(1), 77-87.
Gash, A. (2016). Collaborative Governance. In C. Ansell & J. Torfing (eds.), Handbook on Theories of Governance (pp. 454-467). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Goldsmith, S., & Eggers, W. D. (2005). Governing by Network: The New Shape of the Public Sector. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Gulick, L. (1937). Note on the Theory of Organization. In L. Gulick & L. Urwick (eds.), Papers on the Science of Administration (pp. 1-45). The Rumford Press. Retrieved from https://ia800700.us.archive.org/28/items/papersonscienceo00guli/papersonscienceo00guli.pdf
Gulick, L. (2012). Note on the Theory of Organization. In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde. (eds.), Public Administration Classic Reading (pp. 77-85). 7th Ed., Maiden: Wadsworth.
Heinrich, C. J. (2013). Public Management. In M. Bevir (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 252-269). London: SAGE.
Henry, N. (2010). Public Administration and Public Affairs. 11th ed. New York: Pearson.
Hofmann, S., Sæbø, Ø., Braccini, A. M., & Za, S. (2019). The public sector's roles in the sharing economy and the implications for public values. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.101399
Hood, C. (1991). A Public Management for All Seasons?. Public administration, 69(1), 3-19.
Huvanandana, M. & William, J. S. (1962). Public Administration in Thailand. Institute of Public Administration, Bangkok: Thammasat University.
ILO. (2016). Non-standard employment around the world: Understanding challenges, shaping prospects. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_534326.pdf
Johnston, V. R., & Seidenstat, P. (2007). Contracting out government services: Privatization at the millenium. International Journal of Public Administration, 30(3), 231-247.
Jreisat, J. E. (2014). Public Administration and a Changing Context. In S. Kim, S. Ashley & W. H. Lambright (eds.), Public Administration in the Context of Global Governance (pp. 22-27). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Kennett, P. (2010). Global Perspectives on Governance. In S. P. Osbornes (ed.), The (New) Public Governance: A Suitable Case for Treatment (pp. 19-35). Oxon: Routledge.
Kettl, D. F. (2005). The Global Public Management Revolution. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Khan, H. A. (2018). Globalization and the Challenges of Public Administration: Governance, Human Resource Management, Leadership, Ethics, E-Governance and Sustainability in the 21st Century.
Knafo, S. (2019). Neoliberalism and the origins of public management. Review of International Political Economy, 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1625425
Knafo, S., Dutta, S. J., Lane, R., & Wyn-Jones, S. (2019). The managerial lineages of neoliberalism. New Political Economy, 24(2), 235-251.
Llorens, J. J., Klingner, D. E. & Nalbandian, J. (2018). Public Personnel Management: Contexts and Strategies. 7th ed. New York: Routledge.
Marshall, G. S. & Abresch, C. (2018). New Public Management. In A. Farazmand (ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (pp. 4149-4157). Cham: Springer.
Ma, Y., Lan, J., Thornton, T., Mangalagiu, D., & Zhu, D. (2018). Challenges of collaborative governance in the sharing economy: The case of free-floating bike sharing in Shanghai. Journal of cleaner production, 197, 356-365.
Newman, J., Barnes, M., Sullivan, H., & Knops, A. (2004). Public Participation and Collaborative Governance. Journal of Social Policy, 33(2), 203-223.
OECD. (2009). Privatization in the 21st Century: Recent Experiences of OECD Countries. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/corporate/ca/corporategovernanceofstate-ownedenterprises/48476423.pdf
Osborne, S. (2006). The New Public Governance?. Public Management Review, 8(3), 377-388.
Osborne, S. P. (2010). Introduction The (New) Public Governance: A Suitable Case for Treatment?. In S. P. Osborne (ed.), The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance (pp. 17-32). New York: Routledge.
Peters, B. G. (2010). The Politics of Bureaucracy: An Introduction to Comparative Public Administration. Oxon: Routledge.
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (2017). Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis – Into the Age of Austerity. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, M. (2015). From Old Public Administration to the New Public Service: Implications for Public Sector Reform in Developing Countries. UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/capacity-development/English/Singapore%20Centre/PS-Reform_Paper.pdf
Radnor, Z., Osborne, S. & Glennon, R. (2016). Public Management Theory. In C. Ansell & J. Torfing (eds.), Handbook on Theories of Governance (pp. 46-60). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Ranchords, S. (2019). Public Values, Private Regulators: Between Regulation in the Sharing Economy. Law & Ethics of Human Rights, 13(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2019-2005
Schroeter, E. (2007). New Public Management. In M. Bevir (ed.), Encyclopedia of Governance (pp. 612-616). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Serra, N., Spiegel, S. & Stiglitz, J. E. (2008). Introduction: From the Washington Consensus Towards a New Global Governance. In N. Serra & J. E. Stiglitz (eds.), The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance (pp. 3-13). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shafritz, J. M., Russell, E. W., Borick, C. P. & Hyde, A. C. (2017). Introducing Public Administration. 9th ed. New York: Routledge.
Shand, D. (1998). New public management: challenges and issues in an international perspective. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 44(3), 714-721.
Shepherd, S. (2018). Managerialism: an ideal type. Studies in Higher Education, 43(9), 1668-1678.
Taylor, F. W. (2012). Scientific Management. In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde. (eds.), Public Administration Classic Reading (pp. 32-34). 7th Ed., Maiden: Wadsworth.
UNDP. (2015). Public Administration Reform Practice Note. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-governance/dg-publications-for-website/public-administration-reform-practice-note-/PARPN_English.pdf
Vigoda, E. (2008). New Public Management. In E. Berman (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy (pp. 1321-1325). New York: CRC Press.
Wang, H., Xiong, W., Wu, G., & Zhu, D. (2018). Public–private partnership in public administration discipline: A literature review. Public management review, 20(2), 293-316.
Williamson, J. (2004). The Washington Consensus as Policy Prescription for Development. Retrieved from https://www.piie.com/publications/papers/williamson0204.pdf
Williamson, J. (2008). A Short History of the Washington Consensus. In N. Serra & J. E. Stiglitz (eds.), The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance (pp. 14-30). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (1994). Governance: The World Bank's Experience. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/711471468765285964/pdf/multi0page.pdf
