Regulatory Governance in the Operation of Elderly and Dependent Care Establishments in Thailand: A Policy and Administration Structure Analysis

Abstract

This study aims to examine regulatory governance in the operation of elderly care facilities and facilities for dependent persons in Thailand. Specifically, it analyzes relevant policies, the roles and authorities of key actors, and seeks to advance knowledge on regulatory governance and policy management pertaining to such facilities. The research employed a qualitative descriptive design, drawing on documentary analysis and semi structured interviews with four groups of informants. Data were analyzed using content analysis.

The findings reveal that policies concerning elderly care facilities and facilities for dependent persons in Thailand have been shaped by social, health, and economic driving forces, as well as public administration policies and strategic directions. In the past, the absence of specific legislation governing these facilities resulted in inconsistent standards of operation and consumer exploitation. In response, the government enacted three ministerial regulations to strengthen regulatory oversight. In practice, regulatory governance has involved a shift in the role of the state from functioning as the primary service provider to assuming the role of regulator thereby enabling the private sector to participate in the production and management of public services. This shift has contributed to the development of a multi level governance system that employs laws and standards as key instruments for regulating service quality and protecting consumers, both prior to the commencement of operations and throughout service delivery. Although private sector participation has been expanded, the system continues to face challenges, notably increasing operational costs and shortages of personnel due to stringent staffing requirements. The contributions of this study include insights into policy design, the structures and processes of regulatory governance, the transformation of the state’s role from service provider to regulator and facilitator, and the management of interagency collaboration.