Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Tobacco Control
Keywords:
Impact, Free Trade Agreements, Tobacco products, ControlAbstract
Since 2009, leading public health journals published series of articles on free trade agreement and health, which reflected and attracted interests on the issue of international trade agreement and health. There are calls for public health community to increase presence and participations in free trade agreement negotiation process. The conflicts between public health and free trade agreement are the following. First, there is a conflict in theory between trade liberalization and control measures for certain goods at population level. Benefits from trade liberalization such as commercial competition which lower the price, but increase negative health impact. Consumers’ decision depends on the price of products. Secondly, gap of knowledge between international trade policy community and public health community, creates different perspectives. Therefore, different issues on tobacco product must be construed carefully, since they have important impact on public health, economics and society.
References
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Appleberry R. 2000. “It's a Woman Thing: Sex, Status, and Human Rights in the Tobacco Epidemic,” 15, Berkeley Women's Law Journal: 312-326.
Appleberry R. 2001. “Breaking the Camel's Back: Bringing Women's Human Rights to Bear on Tobacco Control,” 13, Yale Journal of Law and Feminism: 71-96.
Bettcher D, Subramanium C, Guindon E, et al. 2001. “Confronting the Tobacco Epidemic in an era of Trade Liberalization,” WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, World Health Organization, CMH Working Paper Series, WG 4:8. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_NMH_TFI_01.4.pdf Retrived on July 7, 2009.
Bloom J. 2001. “Public Health, International Trade and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. available at http://wwwtobaccofreekids.org/campaign/global/framework/docs/Policy.pdf Retrieved on December 12, 2007.
Burgi E. 2011. “The Regulatory Aspects of International Trade in Tobacco,” in “WTI Study,” p. 21. In: Benn McGrady, Trade and Public Health: The WTO, Tobacco, Alcohol and Diet. Cambridge University Press.
Callard C, Chitanondh H, and Weissman R. 2001. “Why Trade and Investment Liberalization may Threaten Effective Tobacco Control Efforts,” Tobacco Control, 10: 68-70.
Callard C, Collinshaw N, and Swenarchuk M. 2001. “An Introduction to International Trade Agreements and Their Impact on Public Measures to Reduce Tobacco Use,” Physicians for a Smoke Free Canada. Available at: http://www.smoke-free.ca/pdf_1/Trade&Tobacco_April%20200.pdf Retrieved on January 10, 2008.
Chaloupka F and Laixuthai A. 1996. U.S. Trade Policy and Cigarette Smoking in Asia. NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5543. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2000. The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, General Comment 14, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Twenty-second session, E/C 12/2000/4, 11 August, para 51.
Crow M. 2004. “Smokescreens and State Responsibility: Using Human Rights Strategies to Promote Global Tobacco Control,” 29, Yale Journal of International Law: 209-250.
Depken C. 1999. “The Effects of Advertising Restrictions on Cigarette Prices: Evidence from OECD Countries.” Applied Economics Letters 6: 307-309.
Dheage L. 1998. “Smoke Across the Waters: Tobacco Production and Exportation as International Human Rights Violation,” 22, Fordham International Law Journal: 355-456.
Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, et al. 1994. “Mortality in Relation to Smoking 50 Year's Observation on Male British Doctors,” 309, British Medical Journal (October 8): 901-911.
Dresler C and Marks S. 2006. “The Emerging Right to Tobacco Control,” 28, Human Rights Quarterly: 599-651; 634-637.
Eckhardt J. 2002. “Balancing the Interests in Free Trade and Health: How the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control can Withstand WTO Scrutiny,” 12, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, (Winter): 197-230, 223.
Epps T. 2008. International Trade and Health Protection: A Critical Assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar: 58-91.
Esson K and Leeder S. 2004. “The Millenium Development Goals and Tobacco Control: An Opportunity for Global Partnership.” World Health Organization, available at http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/mdg_final_for_web.pdf Retrieved on December 12, 2007.
Ezzati M and Lopez A. 2003. “Estimates of Global Mortality Attributable to Smoking in 2000,” The Lancet 362 (9387): 847-852, London.
Fifty-Ninth World Health Assembly. 2006. International Trade and Health – 59/15 available at: http:www.who.int/...gb/wtowha/pdf_files/WHA59/A59-R26-en.pdf Retrieved on 12 December 2015.
Fidler D, Drager N, and Lee K. 2009. “Managing the Pursuit of Health and Wealth: The Key Challengers”. The Lancet 373 (9660): 325-331.
Gajalakshmi CK, Jha P, Ransom K, Nguyen S. 2000. “Global Patterns of Smoking and Smoking Attributable Mortality,” in: Jha and Chaloupka (eds.). Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press: 11-39, 35.
GATT Panel Report Thailand. 1990. Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, DS10/R, adopted 7 November, BISD 37S/200. Available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/90cigart.pdf Retrieved on 12 December 2015.
Gilmore A. and McKee M. 2005. “Exploring the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Tobacco Consumption in the Former Soviet Union,” Tobacco Control, 14: 13-21.
Gould E. 2005. “Trade Treaties and Alcohol Advertising Policy,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 26(3): 359-376.
Grieshaber-Otto J, Sinclair S, Schacter N. 2000. “Impacts of International Trade Services and Investment Treaties on Alcohol Regulation,” Addiction 95 (Supplement 4): S491-S504.
Hagihara A and Takeshita YJ. 1995. “Impact of American Cigarette Advertising on Imported Cigarette Consumption in Osaka, Japan,” Tobacco Control, 4: 239-244.
Health Canada. 2009. An Act to amend the Tobacco Act. See http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/legislation/federal/amend_faq-modif-eng.php Retrieved on September 25, 2010.
Howse R. 2001. “The Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization,” in: Jean-Marc Coicaud and Viejo Heiskanen (eds). The Legitimacy of International Organizations, Tokyo, New York, United Nations University Press: 355-407, 392.
Hsieh C-R, Hu TW and Lin CFJ. 1999. “The Demand for Cigarettes in Taiwan: Domestic Versus Imported Cigarettes,” Contemporary Economic Policy 17 (2): 223-234; 231.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966. GA Res. 2200A(XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp. (No 16) at 49, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966); 993 UNTS 3; 6 ILM 368 (1967).
Kouvonen A, Kivimaki M, Virtanen M, Pentti J and Vahtera J. 2005. ‘Work Stress, Smoking Status, and Smoking Intensity: An Observational Study of 46,190 Employees.’ Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 63-9.
MacDonald R and Horton R. 2009. “Trade and Health: Time for the Health Sector to Get Involved.” The Lancet 373 (9660): 273-274.
Meier BM. 2005. Breathing Life in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Smoking Cessation and the Right to Health,” 5, Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, pp. 137-192.
Noeth K, 2001. “Taxation to Control Tobacco in Developing States,” in: Edith Brown Weiss and John Jackson (eds.) Reconciling Environment and Trade, Ardsley, NY, Transnational Publishers: 101-132, 132.
Oslo Ministerial Declaration, 2007. “Oslo Ministerial Declaration – Global Health: A Pressing Foreign Policy Issue of Our Time.” The Lancet 369: 1373-1378.
Smith R, Chanda R, and Tangcharoensathien V. 2009. “Trade and Health 4: Trade in Health- Related Services.” The Lancet 363 (9663): 593-601.
Smith R, Correa C, and Oh C. 2009. “Trade and Health 5: Trade, TRIPS, and Pharmaceuticals.” The Lancet 363 (9664): 684-691.
Smith RD, Lee K and Drager N. 2009. “Trade and Health 6: Trade and Health: An Agenda for Action.” The Lancet 373 (9665): 768-773.
Strauss R and Mir H. 2001. ‘Smoking and Weight Loss Attempts in Overweight and Normal-Weight Adolescents.’ International Journal of Obesity 25(9): 1381-5.
Taylor A, Chaoupka F, Guindon E, Corbett M. 2000. “The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Tobacco Consumption” in Prabhat Jha and Frank Chaloupka (eds.) Tobacco Control in Developing Countries. World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 343-364.
The Tobacco Atlas, 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization, p. 30.
Tobacco Free Initiative, 2007. World Health Organization, Facts and Figures about Tobacco, June 2007, available at http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/cop/facts_and_figures_about_tobacco.pdf Retrieved on January 2, 2008.
Tye J, Warner K and Glantz S, 1987. ‘Tobacco Advertising and Consumption: Evidence of a Causal Relationship.’ Journal of Public Health Policy 8(4): 492-508.
Weissman R. 2003. “International trade agreements and tobacco control: threats to public health and the case for excluding tobacco from trade agreements,” v 2.0 available at: http://www.fctc.org/x/cd/documents/EA_trade_backgrd.pdf Retrieved on November 26, 2007.
WHO, 2008a. Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, Planning, Financing. Geneva: World Health Organization, pp. 8, 14.
WHO, 2008b. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization, pp. 6, 11, 18-20, 21.
WHO-FCTC, 2007. Conference of the Parties Second Session, A/FCTC/COP/2/4 26 April 2007 available at http://www..who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop2/FCTC_COP2_4-en.pdf Retrieved on December 12, 2007.
WHO-FCTC, 2009. Intergovernmental Negotiating Body on a Protocol on Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, Third Session. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at http//www.FCTC/COP/INB_IT/3/INF.DOC/4 Retrieved on 7 May 2009.
WHO-FCTC, 2009. Guidelines for Implementation: Article 5.3, Article 8, Article 11, Article 13. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Wike J, 1996. “The Marlboro Man in Asia: U.S. Tobacco and Human Rights,” 29, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law: 329-361.
Woo A, 2002. “Health Versus Trade: The Future of the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” 35, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law: 1731-1768.
World Bank, 1999. Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control.
WTO, 2002. Agreements and Public Health. A Joint Study by the WHO and the WTO Secretariat, World Health Organization and World Trade Organization. Available at http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/who_wto_e.pdf Retrieved on December 12, 2007.
WTO, 2008. Thailand – Customs and Fiscal Measures on Cigarettes from the Philippines. Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the Philippines, World Trade Organization, WT/DS371/3, 6 October.
WTO, 2008. India- Certain Taxes and Other Measures on Imported Wines and Spirits, Request for Consultations by the European Communities, World Trade Organization, WT/DS380/1, G/L/855, G/SCM/D79/1, 25 September.
WTO, 2010. Philippines – Taxes on Distilled Spirits, Request for Consultations by the United States, World Trade Organization, WT/DS403/1, G/L/914, 18 January.
WTO, 2010. United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, Request for Consultations by Indonesia, World Trade Organization, WT/DS406/1,
Appleberry R. 2000. “It's a Woman Thing: Sex, Status, and Human Rights in the Tobacco Epidemic,” 15, Berkeley Women's Law Journal: 312-326.
Appleberry R. 2001. “Breaking the Camel's Back: Bringing Women's Human Rights to Bear on Tobacco Control,” 13, Yale Journal of Law and Feminism: 71-96.
Bettcher D, Subramanium C, Guindon E, et al. 2001. “Confronting the Tobacco Epidemic in an era of Trade Liberalization,” WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, World Health Organization, CMH Working Paper Series, WG 4:8. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_NMH_TFI_01.4.pdf Retrived on July 7, 2009.
Bloom J. 2001. “Public Health, International Trade and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. available at http://wwwtobaccofreekids.org/campaign/global/framework/docs/Policy.pdf Retrieved on December 12, 2007.
Burgi E. 2011. “The Regulatory Aspects of International Trade in Tobacco,” in “WTI Study,” p. 21. In: Benn McGrady, Trade and Public Health: The WTO, Tobacco, Alcohol and Diet. Cambridge University Press.
Callard C, Chitanondh H, and Weissman R. 2001. “Why Trade and Investment Liberalization may Threaten Effective Tobacco Control Efforts,” Tobacco Control, 10: 68-70.
Callard C, Collinshaw N, and Swenarchuk M. 2001. “An Introduction to International Trade Agreements and Their Impact on Public Measures to Reduce Tobacco Use,” Physicians for a Smoke Free Canada. Available at: http://www.smoke-free.ca/pdf_1/Trade&Tobacco_April%20200.pdf Retrieved on January 10, 2008.
Chaloupka F and Laixuthai A. 1996. U.S. Trade Policy and Cigarette Smoking in Asia. NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5543. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2000. The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, General Comment 14, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Twenty-second session, E/C 12/2000/4, 11 August, para 51.
Crow M. 2004. “Smokescreens and State Responsibility: Using Human Rights Strategies to Promote Global Tobacco Control,” 29, Yale Journal of International Law: 209-250.
Depken C. 1999. “The Effects of Advertising Restrictions on Cigarette Prices: Evidence from OECD Countries.” Applied Economics Letters 6: 307-309.
Dheage L. 1998. “Smoke Across the Waters: Tobacco Production and Exportation as International Human Rights Violation,” 22, Fordham International Law Journal: 355-456.
Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, et al. 1994. “Mortality in Relation to Smoking 50 Year's Observation on Male British Doctors,” 309, British Medical Journal (October 8): 901-911.
Dresler C and Marks S. 2006. “The Emerging Right to Tobacco Control,” 28, Human Rights Quarterly: 599-651; 634-637.
Eckhardt J. 2002. “Balancing the Interests in Free Trade and Health: How the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control can Withstand WTO Scrutiny,” 12, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, (Winter): 197-230, 223.
Epps T. 2008. International Trade and Health Protection: A Critical Assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar: 58-91.
Esson K and Leeder S. 2004. “The Millenium Development Goals and Tobacco Control: An Opportunity for Global Partnership.” World Health Organization, available at http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/mdg_final_for_web.pdf Retrieved on December 12, 2007.
Ezzati M and Lopez A. 2003. “Estimates of Global Mortality Attributable to Smoking in 2000,” The Lancet 362 (9387): 847-852, London.
Fifty-Ninth World Health Assembly. 2006. International Trade and Health – 59/15 available at: http:www.who.int/...gb/wtowha/pdf_files/WHA59/A59-R26-en.pdf Retrieved on 12 December 2015.
Fidler D, Drager N, and Lee K. 2009. “Managing the Pursuit of Health and Wealth: The Key Challengers”. The Lancet 373 (9660): 325-331.
Gajalakshmi CK, Jha P, Ransom K, Nguyen S. 2000. “Global Patterns of Smoking and Smoking Attributable Mortality,” in: Jha and Chaloupka (eds.). Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press: 11-39, 35.
GATT Panel Report Thailand. 1990. Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, DS10/R, adopted 7 November, BISD 37S/200. Available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/90cigart.pdf Retrieved on 12 December 2015.
Gilmore A. and McKee M. 2005. “Exploring the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Tobacco Consumption in the Former Soviet Union,” Tobacco Control, 14: 13-21.
Gould E. 2005. “Trade Treaties and Alcohol Advertising Policy,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 26(3): 359-376.
Grieshaber-Otto J, Sinclair S, Schacter N. 2000. “Impacts of International Trade Services and Investment Treaties on Alcohol Regulation,” Addiction 95 (Supplement 4): S491-S504.
Hagihara A and Takeshita YJ. 1995. “Impact of American Cigarette Advertising on Imported Cigarette Consumption in Osaka, Japan,” Tobacco Control, 4: 239-244.
Health Canada. 2009. An Act to amend the Tobacco Act. See http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/legislation/federal/amend_faq-modif-eng.php Retrieved on September 25, 2010.
Howse R. 2001. “The Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization,” in: Jean-Marc Coicaud and Viejo Heiskanen (eds). The Legitimacy of International Organizations, Tokyo, New York, United Nations University Press: 355-407, 392.
Hsieh C-R, Hu TW and Lin CFJ. 1999. “The Demand for Cigarettes in Taiwan: Domestic Versus Imported Cigarettes,” Contemporary Economic Policy 17 (2): 223-234; 231.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966. GA Res. 2200A(XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp. (No 16) at 49, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966); 993 UNTS 3; 6 ILM 368 (1967).
Kouvonen A, Kivimaki M, Virtanen M, Pentti J and Vahtera J. 2005. ‘Work Stress, Smoking Status, and Smoking Intensity: An Observational Study of 46,190 Employees.’ Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 63-9.
MacDonald R and Horton R. 2009. “Trade and Health: Time for the Health Sector to Get Involved.” The Lancet 373 (9660): 273-274.
Meier BM. 2005. Breathing Life in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Smoking Cessation and the Right to Health,” 5, Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, pp. 137-192.
Noeth K, 2001. “Taxation to Control Tobacco in Developing States,” in: Edith Brown Weiss and John Jackson (eds.) Reconciling Environment and Trade, Ardsley, NY, Transnational Publishers: 101-132, 132.
Oslo Ministerial Declaration, 2007. “Oslo Ministerial Declaration – Global Health: A Pressing Foreign Policy Issue of Our Time.” The Lancet 369: 1373-1378.
Smith R, Chanda R, and Tangcharoensathien V. 2009. “Trade and Health 4: Trade in Health- Related Services.” The Lancet 363 (9663): 593-601.
Smith R, Correa C, and Oh C. 2009. “Trade and Health 5: Trade, TRIPS, and Pharmaceuticals.” The Lancet 363 (9664): 684-691.
Smith RD, Lee K and Drager N. 2009. “Trade and Health 6: Trade and Health: An Agenda for Action.” The Lancet 373 (9665): 768-773.
Strauss R and Mir H. 2001. ‘Smoking and Weight Loss Attempts in Overweight and Normal-Weight Adolescents.’ International Journal of Obesity 25(9): 1381-5.
Taylor A, Chaoupka F, Guindon E, Corbett M. 2000. “The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Tobacco Consumption” in Prabhat Jha and Frank Chaloupka (eds.) Tobacco Control in Developing Countries. World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 343-364.
The Tobacco Atlas, 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization, p. 30.
Tobacco Free Initiative, 2007. World Health Organization, Facts and Figures about Tobacco, June 2007, available at http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/cop/facts_and_figures_about_tobacco.pdf Retrieved on January 2, 2008.
Tye J, Warner K and Glantz S, 1987. ‘Tobacco Advertising and Consumption: Evidence of a Causal Relationship.’ Journal of Public Health Policy 8(4): 492-508.
Weissman R. 2003. “International trade agreements and tobacco control: threats to public health and the case for excluding tobacco from trade agreements,” v 2.0 available at: http://www.fctc.org/x/cd/documents/EA_trade_backgrd.pdf Retrieved on November 26, 2007.
WHO, 2008a. Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, Planning, Financing. Geneva: World Health Organization, pp. 8, 14.
WHO, 2008b. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization, pp. 6, 11, 18-20, 21.
WHO-FCTC, 2007. Conference of the Parties Second Session, A/FCTC/COP/2/4 26 April 2007 available at http://www..who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop2/FCTC_COP2_4-en.pdf Retrieved on December 12, 2007.
WHO-FCTC, 2009. Intergovernmental Negotiating Body on a Protocol on Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, Third Session. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at http//www.FCTC/COP/INB_IT/3/INF.DOC/4 Retrieved on 7 May 2009.
WHO-FCTC, 2009. Guidelines for Implementation: Article 5.3, Article 8, Article 11, Article 13. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Wike J, 1996. “The Marlboro Man in Asia: U.S. Tobacco and Human Rights,” 29, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law: 329-361.
Woo A, 2002. “Health Versus Trade: The Future of the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” 35, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law: 1731-1768.
World Bank, 1999. Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control.
WTO, 2002. Agreements and Public Health. A Joint Study by the WHO and the WTO Secretariat, World Health Organization and World Trade Organization. Available at http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/who_wto_e.pdf Retrieved on December 12, 2007.
WTO, 2008. Thailand – Customs and Fiscal Measures on Cigarettes from the Philippines. Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the Philippines, World Trade Organization, WT/DS371/3, 6 October.
WTO, 2008. India- Certain Taxes and Other Measures on Imported Wines and Spirits, Request for Consultations by the European Communities, World Trade Organization, WT/DS380/1, G/L/855, G/SCM/D79/1, 25 September.
WTO, 2010. Philippines – Taxes on Distilled Spirits, Request for Consultations by the United States, World Trade Organization, WT/DS403/1, G/L/914, 18 January.
WTO, 2010. United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, Request for Consultations by Indonesia, World Trade Organization, WT/DS406/1,
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2015-01-11
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ศิริโชติรัตน์ น. (2015). Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Tobacco Control. Public Health Policy and Laws Journal, 2(2), 225–242. Retrieved from https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/journal_law/article/view/162404
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