Shanghai Sanctuary: The Emigration of European Jews from Nazi Germany, 1933-1945
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Abstract
This article investigates the factors causing European Jews to migrate to Shanghai and the factors affecting the survival of the Jewish refugees under the Japanese occupation of Shanghai in 1933-1945. By using the historical method to study related sources, it found that the European Jews migrated to Shanghai after Hitler rose to power in 1933 and enforced a law which excluded the Jews from working in government service. Moreover, the Anschluss, the Kristallnacht in 1938, and the invasion of Poland in 1939 also influenced the Jewish people to emigrate. Shanghai was also a place that attracted the Jewish refugees because there was no anti-Semitism in China and there were the Jews of the local Jewish community that were ready to assist them. Furthermore, when most countries did not welcome Jewish refugees, Shanghai became the only place they could enter without visas. The Jewish refugees survived under the Japanese occupation since 1937 because Japan wanted to take advantage of the Jews. When Nazi Germany proposed the “Final Solution” in 1942 to the Japanese authorities to get rid of the European Jewry in Shanghai, Japan did not follow the Nazis. They forced the refugees to live in the ghetto in 1943 instead. However, the Japanese did not exterminate and torture the Jews. Therefore, Shanghai was the sanctuary that saved the lives of many European Jews.
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