THE PLAYING STYLE OF KLONG PUJA (PUJA DRUM) IN THE UPPER NORTHERN REGION

Abstract

        The research titled "The Playing Styles of Klong Puja (Puja Drum) in the Upper Northern Region" is ethnomusicological research conducted using qualitative methods. The objective is to examine the cultural context and rhythmic patterns of Puja drum performance in the upper northern region comprising five provinces: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun, Lampang, and Mae Hong Son. Data were collected through observation, field recordings, and in-depth interviews with experts, master craftsmen, community sages, and inheritors of the Puja drum tradition. Content analysis was employed to interpret the findings. The results indicate that the Puja drum is an ancient Lanna drum set consisting of 1) a large double-headed drum called “Klong Thung”, covered with animal hide, measuring about 2–2.5 meters, made of hardwoods such as teak or padauk, and 2) three smaller drums called “Klong Look Tub”, used to interrupt the rhythms of large drum, placed according to the drummer’s expertise. Previously, the Puja drum served as a war signal and a celebratory instrument for victory, later becoming a sacred temple instrument for Buddhist worship. It has been played on observance days, holy days, and as a means of community communication, including gatherings, emergencies, and warnings. The main rhythmic patterns include 1) Buddhabucha, a slow, solemn style emphasizing resonance, 2) Sabat Chai, a fast, forceful rhythm played with whips, 3) Long Nan, a lively and playful beat, and 4) Emergency Call, a rapid rhythm used to convey urgent messages. In the present day, the Puja drum is played in two main forms: ritual playing for Buddhist worship and staged performance or competition. Popular choreographies, including Suea Kob Tu, Sao Lab Teu, Long Nan, and Fad Sae, are called differently in each province due to the people’s accents and ease in memorability. This study reflects a vital cultural, ritual, and social role that the Puja drum remains in Lanna communities and the Buddhist way of life of Lanna people, resulting in a cultural heritage which is worth preservation and transmission for future generations.