Monarchy System in the Pre-Modern State Era
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Abstract
The state is the evolution that signifies the progress of human society in living under shared rules and regulations to achieve physical and spiritual goodness. Within the state, there is a system of governance, which is the relationship between the ruling authority and the ruled. Monarchy is a system of government in which a monarch, usually a king, is the head of state. It is one of the oldest forms of government in the world, having been used for thousands of years alongside the development of human civilization and society. The specific characteristics of monarchical systems can vary greatly depending on each society's cultural and political foundations. It has taken on various forms depending on each political society's underlying beliefs and characteristics. This article aims to analyze the characteristics of monarchical rule prior to the emergence of the modern state. The analysis shows that under the anarchic nature of interstate relations in ancient monarchical regimes, there was a lack of international laws and regulations. State borders were uncertain, centralization of power was inefficient, and the people lacked a shared national consciousness. The monarch was a sovereign with imperfect authority due to conflicts between states and the need for decentralization. The monarch's stability depended primarily on the loyalty of the nobility. Rulers utilized supernatural or divine concepts to reinforce the monarch's status, and succession was based on bloodline.
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