“GELT is Useful, though I Believe We Have to Stick to Traditional ELT”: Conflicting Ideologies from a Private Language School Context

Main Article Content

Nattapat Suejam
Desiree Kawabata

Abstract

An emerging paradigm in ELT, Global Englishes Language Teaching (GELT) challenges the so-called ‘native-speakerism’ ideology in language classrooms, offering an alternative framework for innovative and effective curriculum, material, and assessment design (Rose & Galloway, 2019). GELT has gained traction as a valuable field of applied linguistics research, especially in Thailand. However, studies in the context of private English language schools remain underexplored despite their significant contribution to the ELT sector. This study investigates the opportunities and challenges of implementing GELT in a private English school in Thailand. An intensive workshop on GELT principles was delivered to various school staff. After the workshop, participants reflected on their conceptualisation of GELT and its suitability for adoption into the school’s curriculum. Twenty-seven reflections were then examined for emerging themes regarding GELT opportunities and challenges. The results indicated that although stakeholders within the school context have accepting and positive attitudes towards GELT, questions and concerns persist. The findings show that GELT is a valuable framework that promotes authentic English use in a global context, boosts teachers’ and students’ confidence in English, and provides pedagogical advantages. However, language assessment and the priority of ‘standard’ language accuracy remain hindrances to its implementation.

Article Details

How to Cite
Suejam, N., & Kawabata, D. (2026). “GELT is Useful, though I Believe We Have to Stick to Traditional ELT”: Conflicting Ideologies from a Private Language School Context. THAITESOL Journal, 39(1), 60–81. retrieved from https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/thaitesoljournal/article/view/280420
Section
Articles

References

Admission Premium. (2019). O-NET results (2015-2019). Retrieved from https://www.admissionpremium.com/content/5440.

Apairach, S., & Vibulphol, J. (2015). Beliefs about language learning of Thai upper secondary school students in different educational contexts. PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 50, 65–94.

Baker, W. (2012). From cultural awareness to intercultural awareness: Culture in ELT. ELT Journal, 66(1), 62–70.

Baker, W., Morán Panero, S., Álvarez Valencia, J. A., Alhasnawi, S., Boonsuk, Y., Ngo, P. L. H., Martínez-Sánchez, M. M., Miranda, N., & Ronzón-Montiel, G. J. (2024). Decolonizing English in higher education: Global Englishes and TESOL as opportunities or barriers (SI on Global Englishes and TESOL). TESOL Quarterly, 59(1), 281–309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3317.

Cai, Y., & Fang, F. (2022). TESOL in transition: Examining stakeholders' use of and attitudes toward Translanguaging and multimodal practices in EFL contexts. Taiwan Journal of TESOL, 19(1),

–33.

Canagarajah, S. (2013). Redefining proficiency in global English. In N. T. Zacharias (Ed.), Contextualizing the pedagogy of English as an International Language: issues and tensions (pp. 2–11). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Cameron, A., & Galloway, N. (2019). Local thoughts on global ideas: Pre- and in-service TESOL practitioners’ attitudes to the pedagogical implications of the globalization of English. RELC Journal, 50(1), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688218822853.

Chan, C., & Mongkolhutthi, P. (2016). Factors affecting student choice to study English at private tutoring school: a case of a particular group of Thai upper-secondary school students (Doctoral dissertation, Thammasat University).

Chang, Y.-J. (2014). Learning English today: what can World Englishes teach college students in Taiwan?: How do World Englishes enlighten, empower, and influence Taiwanese college students’ understanding, learning, and use of English? English Today, 30(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078413000527.

Charoenroop, P. (2021). Local perspectives on English language teaching in private tutoring in Thailand: Re-examining roles and implications. rEFLections, 28(3), 419–440.

Chopin, K. (2015). Chapter 11. Reconceptualizing norms for language testing: Assessing English language proficiency from within an ELF framework. In B. Yasemin & A. Sumru (Eds.), Current perspectives on pedagogy for English as a lingua franca (pp. 193–204). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/9783110335965.193.

Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613

Conde, C., Lonsdale, K., Nyong, A., & Aguilar, I. (2005). Engaging stakeholders in the adaptation process. Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate Change: Developing Strategies, Policies and Measures. United Nations, 47–66.

Crystal, D. (2012). English as a global language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

da Costa, N., & Rose, H. (2024). The impact of Global Englishes classroom-based innovation on school-aged language learners' perceptions of English: An exercise in practitioner and researcher partnership. System, 121, 103263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103263

De Costa, P. I., & Norton, B. (2017). Introduction: Identity, transdisciplinarity, and the good language teacher. The Modern Language Journal, 101, 3–14.

de Figueiredo, E. H. D. (2021). Writing assessment through a Global Englishes lens. In A.F. Selvi & B. Yazan (Eds.), Language teacher education for Global Englishes (pp. 230–235). Routledge.

Dewey, M. (2015). Time to wake up some dogs! Shifting the culture of language in ELT. In B. Yasemin & A. Sumru (Eds.), Current perspectives on pedagogy for English as a lingua franca (pp. 121–134). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/9783110335965.121.

Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford University Press.

Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G.F., & Fennig, C.D. (2023). Ethnologue: languages of the world. SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com.

EF EPI. (2024). English Proficiency Index. https://www.ef.co.th/epi/regions/asia/thailand/

Floris, F. D., & Renandya, W. A. (2020). Promoting the value of non-native English-speaking teachers. PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand 59(1), 1–19.

Funada, N. (2021). Encouraging teacher educators to investigate teachers' attitudes towards Global Englishes: Focusing on a research instrument. In A. F. Selvi & B. Yazan (Eds.), Language Teacher Education for Global Englishes (pp. 67–72). Routledge.

Galloway, N., & Numajiri, T. (2020). Global Englishes language teaching: Bottom‐up curriculum implementation. TESOL Quarterly, 54(1), 118–145.

Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2013). “They envision going to New York, not Jakarta”: the differing attitudes toward ELF of students, teaching assistants, and instructors in an English-medium business program in Japan. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 2(2), 229–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2013-0014.

Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2014). Using listening journals to raise awareness of Global Englishes in ELT. ELT Journal, 68(4), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccu021.

Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2015). Introducing global Englishes. Routledge.

Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2018). Incorporating Global Englishes into the ELT classroom. ELT Journal, 72(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccx010

Illés, É., & Akcan, S. (2016). Bringing real-life language use into EFL classrooms. ELT Journal, 71(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccw049.

Intachai, S., Prabjandee, D., & Kewara, P. (2025). Teachers for global Englishes: Who will likely implement global Englishes-informed pedagogy in the classrooms? International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1–11.

Jenkins, J. (2007). English as a lingua franca: attitude and identity. Oxford University Press.

Jenkins, J. (2009). English as a lingua franca: Interpretations and attitudes. World Englishes, 28(2), 200–207.

Jenkins, J. (2014). Global Englishes: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Kampittayakul, T. (2019). The role of translanguaging in improving Thai learners' interactional competence in dyadic “English as a foreign language" tutorial sessions. PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 56, 80–111.

Karakaş, A. (2021). Enhancing Global Englishes awareness among pre-service language teachers through audio/video-based resources. In A.F. Selvi & B. Yazan (Eds.), Language teacher education for global Englishes (pp. 20–26). Routledge.

Kimura, D., & Canagarajah, S. (2017). Translingual practice and ELF. In J. Jenkins, W. Baker. & M. Dewey (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of English as a lingua franca (pp. 295–308). Routledge.

Kirkpatrick, A. (2007). World Englishes hardback with audio CD: Implications for international communication and English language teaching. Cambridge University Press.

Kirkpatrick, A. (2012). English as an Asian Lingua Franca: the ‘Lingua Franca Approach’ and implications for language education policy. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 1(1), 121–139.

Larsson, T. (2001). The race to the top: The real story of globalization. Cato Institute.

Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. (2018). Perceptions of English as an international language by Korean English-major and non-English-major students. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40, 76–89.

Lee, J. S., Nakamura, Y., & Sadler, R. (2018). Effects of videoconference-embedded classrooms (VEC) on learners’ perceptions toward English as an international language (EIL). ReCALL, 30(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095834401700026X.

Lertlit, S., & Wallin, J. (2023). Views of Thai university students on effective teachers of English: Local or foreign [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of RSU International Research Conference, Prathum Thani, Thailand. https://doi.org/ 10.14458/RSU.res.2023.107.

Lu, H., & Buripakdi, A. (2020). Effects of Global Englishes-Informed Pedagogy in Raising Chinese University Students' Global Englishes Awareness. PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 60, 97–133.

MacKenzie, I. (2014). English as a lingua franca: Theorizing and teaching English. Routledge.

Matsuda, A., & Matsuda, P. K. (2010). World Englishes and the teaching of writing. TESOL Quarterly, 44(2), 369–374.

Mauranen, A. (2017). Conceptualising ELF. In J. Jenkins, W. Baker, & M. Dewey (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of English as a lingua franca (pp. 7–24). Routledge.

McKay, S. L. (2002). Teaching English as an international language: Rethinking goals and perspectives. Oxford University Press.

McNamara. (2012). English as a lingua franca: the challenge for language testing. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 1(1), 199-202. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/jelf-2012-0013.

Melchers, G., Shaw, P., & Sundkvist, P. (2019). World Englishes. Routledge.

Miao, Y., Kang, O., & Meng, X. (2025). Incorporating global Englishes varieties into EFL classrooms: development of listening comprehension and pronunciation. TESOL Quarterly, 59(1), 136–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3328.

Montakantiwong, A. (2023). Bridging conceptual gaps in Global Englishes Language Teaching: ethnographic insights from Thai higher education. Asian Englishes, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2023.2251736.

Nishizaki, M. (2025). Charting the Globe. A Qualitative Longitudinal Analysis of the Englishes in German Curricula and Textbooks. TESOL Quarterly, 59(1), 256–280.

Panyang, K., & Phusawisot, P. (2023). An analysis of Global Englishes aspects in English textbooks at the lower secondary level in Thai EFL context. English Language Teaching, 16(8), 1–93. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v16n8p93.

Passakornkarn, S., & Vibulphol, J. (2020). Development of World Englishes-based listening materials to raise the awareness of the varieties of English for Thai EFL upper secondary school students. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 13(1), 225–246.

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Sage.

Pennycook, A. (2007). Global Englishes and transcultural flows. Routledge.

Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford University Press.

Prabjandee, D. (2020). Teacher professional development to implement Global Englishes language teaching. Asian Englishes, 22(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2019.1624931.

Rajagopalan, K. (2004). The concept of ‘World English’ and its implications for ELT. ELT Journal, 58(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/58.2.111.

Rajprasit, K. (2023). MOOC-ing around ‘Englishes’ by Thai students: applying the GELT framework. Asian Englishes 26(2), 1–16.

Renandya, W. A., & Jacobs, G. M. (2023). Top Ten Characteristics of 21st Century English Language Teachers. In L. England, L. D. Kamhi-Stein, & G. Kormpas (Eds.), English Language Teacher Education in Changing Times (pp. 37–49). Routledge.

Rose, H., & Galloway, N. (2019). Global Englishes for language teaching. Cambridge University Press.

Rose, H., McKinley, J., & Galloway, N. (2021). Global Englishes and language teaching: A review of pedagogical research. Language Teaching, 54(2), 157–189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444820000518.

Saengboon, S. (2019). Shadow Education in Thailand: A Case Study of Thai English Tutors' Perspectives towards the Roles of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Improving English Language Skills. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 12(1), 38–54.

Sahrai, A., & Tantiniranat, S. (2024). “My accent is not okay.”: Exploring Thai Students’ Attitudes towards English Accents. THAITESOL Journal, 37(1), 156–178.

Sangpetch, S., Kewara, P., & Prabjandee, D. (2023). Integrating global Englishes activities in a regular English classroom. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 6(1), 44–56.

Seidlhofer, B. (2005). English as a lingua franca. ELT Journal, 59(4), 339–341.

Seargeant, P. (2009). The idea of English in Japan: Ideology and the evolution of a global language (Vol. 3). Multilingual Matters.

Selvi, A. F., Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2024). Teaching English as an international language. Cambridge University Press.

Sharifian, F. (2009). English as an international language: Perspectives and pedagogical issues (Vol. 11). Multilingual Matters.

Shibata, A. (2011). Rethinking the ownership of English as a lingua franca. JAIRO, 42, 71–83.

Shin, S. Y., & Walkinshaw, I. (2023). Incorporating World Englishes into Middle and High Schools in Korea: Teachers’ Awareness and Attitudes. RELC Journal, 56(2), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231214304.

Shishavan, H. B., & Sadeghi, K. (2009). Characteristics of an effective English language teacher as perceived by Iranian teachers and learners of English. English Language Teaching, 2(4), 130–143.

Sifakis, N. (2008). Challenges in teaching ELF in the periphery: the Greek context. ELT Journal, 63(3), 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccn057.

Suejam, N., Chuaychoowong, M., & Kawabata, D. (2025). Using the linguistic landscape as a pedagogic tool to raise students' awareness of multilingualism in the ELICOS classroom. English Australia Journal, 41(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.61504/NXEJ9579.

Suejam, N., & Walkinshaw, I. (2025). Global Englishes Language Teaching: Beliefs and Practices of Materials Designers at an English Language School in Thailand. rEFLections, 32(2), 882–902. https://doi.org/10.61508/refl.v32i2.282436.

Swedberg, R. (2020). Exploratory Research. In C. Elman, J. Gerring & J. Mahoney (Eds.), The production of knowledge: enhancing progress in social science, (pp. 17-41). Cambridge University Press.

Tardy, C. M., Reed, K., Slinkard, J. R., & LaMance, R. (2021). Exploring Global Englishes content and language variation in an academic writing course. TESOL Journal, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftesj.520.

Todd, R. W. (2019). How Is English Assessed at Thai Schools? THAITESOL Journal, 32(1), 1–15.

Todd, R. W., & Shih, C.-M. (2014). Assessing English in Southeast Asia. In A. J. Kannan (Ed.), The companion to language assessment (pp. 1681–1689). Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118411360.wbcla019

Vettorel, P. (2018). ELF and communication strategies: Are they taken into account in ELT materials? RELC Journal, 49(1), 58–73.

Vettorel, P. (2021). Fostering teachers' awareness of Global Englishes in primary teacher education in Italy. In A. F. Selvi & B. Yazan (Eds.), Language teacher education for Global Englishes (pp. 120–124). Routledge.

Walkinshaw, I., & Kirkpatrick, A. (2022). Where to now? Future directions in ELF pragmatics research. Pragmatics in English as a Lingua Franca: Findings and Developments, 14, 221.

Wei, L. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied linguistics, 39(1), 9–30.

Wongsothorn, A., Hiranburana, K., & Chinnawongs, S. (2002). English language teaching in Thailand today. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 22(2), 107–116.

Xu, L. (2012). The role of teachers' beliefs in the language teaching-learning process. Theory & Practice in Language Studies (TPLS), 2(7). https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.7.1397-1402

Yuzlu, M. Y., & Dikilitas, K. (2021). Translanguaging in the development of EFL learners’ foreign language skills in Turkish context. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 16(2), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2021.1892698