Reviewing China’s High-speed Railway Project
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ก.ค. 5, 2021
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บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาประสบการณ์ของรัฐบาลจีนในการวางแผนและพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีรถไฟความเร็วสูงตั้งแต่ช่วงกลางทศวรรษที่ 1990 เป็นต้นมา บทเรียนที่ได้จะเป็นประโยชน์ต่อประเทศที่กำลังจะสร้างเทคโนโลยีประเภทนี้ เช่น ลาว เมียนมา และไทย บทความนี้จะพิจารณาพัฒนาการของเทคโนโลยีรถไฟความเร็วสูงของจีนในสามมิติ ได้แก่ การเลือกระบบราง การสร้างหัวรถจักร และการบริหารจัดการกิจการรถไฟ ในกรณีของจีนนั้น กระทรวงรถไฟสำเร็จในการพัฒนามิติที่หนึ่งและสองก่อนปี 2008 ทว่ากระทรวงรถไฟกลับล้มเหลวในการบริการจัดการกิจการรถไฟให้สามารถทำกำไร จนในที่สุด กระทรวงรถไฟถูกยุบในเดือนมีนาคม 2013 โดยมีบริษัทกึ่งรัฐวิสาหกิจได้รับมอบหมายให้จัดการกับมิติที่สามควบคู่ไปกับนโยบายความริเริ่มแถบ-ทาง การศึกษาพบว่าการปฏิรูปกิจการรถไฟในจีน อันประกอบด้วยการมีนโยบายที่เป็นไปตามกลไกตลาดมากยิ่งขึ้น การบูรณาการกิจการรถไฟเข้ากับกิจการอื่น ๆ และการจัดหาแหล่งเงินทุนที่หลากหลายนั้นส่งผลต่อทั้งการอยู่รอดของกิจการรถไฟจีนและการสร้างความชอบธรรมให้แก่การบรรลุความฝันของประเทศจีน ซึ่งจากความริเริ่มและการให้ความช่วยเหลือจากรัฐบาลกลาง ทำให้กิจการรถไฟของจีนสามารถฟื้นตัวได้เป็นลำดับ การศึกษานี้จะช่วยให้ประเทศที่กำลังจะพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีนี้มีความระมัดระวัง โดยเฉพาะในการพัฒนาทั้งสามมิตินี้ก่อนที่จะวางแผนในการดำเนินการโครงการรถไฟความเร็วสูง
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References
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Harris, Stuart. (2014). China’s Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Polity.
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Lu, Ming et. al. (2013). China’s Regional Development: Review and Prospect. New York: Routledge.
Ross, Robert S., and Bekkevold, Jo Inge. (2016). China in the Era of Xi Jinping: Domestic and Foreign Policy Challenges. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
Shepard, Wade. (2015). Ghost Cities of China. London: Zed Book.
Song, Ligang, Garnaut, Ross, and Fang, Cai. (2014). Deepening Reform for China's Long-term Growth and Development. Australia: ANU Press.
Teets, Jessica C., Rosen, Stanley, and Gries, Peter Hays. (2010). ‘Political Change, Contestation, and Pluralization in China Today’, in Chinese Politics: State, Society and the Market, edited by Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen. New York: Routledge.
Ren, Xuefei. (2013). Urban China. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Articles
Chen, Min, Tang, Hailong, and Zhang, Kun. (2014). ‘Some Critical Issues in the Development of Chinese High-Speed Rail: Challenges and Coping Strategies’, in Journal of Transportation Technologies, vol. 4.
Kiyoharu, Takagi. (2011). ‘Expansion of High-Speed Rail Services: Development of High-Speed Railways in China’, in Japan Railway & Transport Review, No. 57.
Zhang, Q., Yang, H., and Wang, Q. (2017). “Impact of high-speed rail on China’s big three airlines,” in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 98.
Online Articles
Borst, Nicholas. (2011). The Ministry of Railways' Debt Burden. Retrieved from
https://piie.com/blogs/china-economic-watch/ministry-railways-debt-burden.
Calthorpe, Peter. The Real Problem with China’s Ghost Towns. Retrieved from http://www.metropolismag.com/cities/planning-cities/the-real-problem-with-chinas-ghost-towns.
CIA. (1965, June). 1965 Intelligence Report: Railroad Construction in Communist China Since the Collapse of the “Great Leap Forward”, File No. 403, CIA/RR ER 65-15. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78T05439A000500190069-5.pdf.
CIA, (2017). CIA World Fact Book. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/ch.html.
CRRC’s Company Profile. Retrieved from http://www.crrcgc.cc/en/g5141.aspx.
Fitzpatrick, Michael. (2013, April). Did China steal Japan’s high-speed train?. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2013/04/15/did-china-steal-japans-high-speed-train/.
Han, Qiao. (2012). Wenzhou Crash Report Blames Design Flaws and Poor Management. International Railway Journal. Retrieved from http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/wenzhou- crash-report-blames-design-flaws-and-poor-management.html.
Kolo, Vincent. (2013). China: The high-speed trial of Liu Zhijun. Retrieved from http://chinaworker.info/en/2013/07/03/961/.
Kuhn, Robert Lawrence. (2016). Why China needs Xi Jinping as its core leader. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2047173/why- china-needs-xi-jinping-its-core-leader.
Leong, Patricia. (2014). China to Build High-speed Railway to Southeast Asia, Asia Briefing, Retrieved
from http://www.asiabriefing.com/news/2014/01/china-build-high-speed-railway-southeast-asia/.
National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. Retrieved from http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html.
Qi, Zhongxi, and Yang, Jianxiang. (2013). China Implements Radical Railway Reform. International Railway Journal. Retrieved from http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/policy/china- implements-radical-railway-reform.html.
Roubini, Nouriel. (2011). Beijing's Empty Bullet Trains: Is China Investing Way too Much in Its Infrastructure?. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/business/project_syndicate/2011/04/beijings_empty_bullet_train s.html.
Shanghai Maglev Project Background. Retrieved from http://www.smtdc.com/en/gycf4.html.
Sun, Xiaoqian, Zhang, Yu, and Wandelt, Sebastian. (2017). Air Transport Versus High-Speed Rail: An Overview and Research Agenda, Journal of Advanced Transportation. Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jat/2017/8426926/.
The 2nd Five-Year Plan (1958-1962). Retrieved from http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157606.htm.
The 8th Five-Year Plan (1991-1995). Retrieved from http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157625.htm.
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. (1991). Railway Law of the People’s Republic of China, Order of the President No.32. Retrieved from http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/rlotproc372/.
Wade, Geoff. (2013, December 2). Changing Asia: China’s High-Speed Railway Diplomacy. Retrieved from http://www.aspistrategist.org/changing-asia-chinas-high-speed-railway-diplomacy/.
Wang, Chen. (2012, July 11). Railroaded into a Fast-Train Technology. Caixin. Retrieved from http://www.caixinglobal.com/2012-07-11/101015464.html.
Whitley, Angus, and Park, Kyunghee. (2016, December 12). Chinese Airlines Are Flooding the World with Super-Cheap Airfares. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-12/china-s-flood-of-cheap-air-fares-deals- blow-to-global-carriers.
Wu, Jianhong, and Rong, Chaohe. (2013). MOR’s Debt Crisis and Its Relevance for Railways Reform in China. Retrieved from http://www.wctrs-society.com/wp/wp- content/uploads/abstracts/rio/selected/1074.pdf.
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