Southeast Asia’s cross-border special economic zones mutually beneficial cooperation or ruinous competition?
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ก.ค. 1, 2021
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Cross-border special economic zones are a new form of transnational special economic zone currently under development worldwide. This paper introduces the concept, their rationale, and outlines the status of development in mainland Southeast Asia. Informed by qualitative research conducted in 2018 it focuses on zones developed on China’s borders with Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam, and on Thailand’s borders with Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia. It finds terminology to be inconsistent and zone models to be highly context specific, suggesting the literature on state transformation apposite for exploring their implications for statehood. It argues close cooperation and inclusivity are conditions of success, yet finds scant evidence this is happening in the region. The paper concludes optimistic hopes professed by exponents that these zones will contribute to inclusive and sustainable development may well be frustrated.
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References
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Thame, Charlie Joint Study and Survey of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and Cross Border Economic Zones (CBEZs) to Match Complementary SEZs and Identify Prioritized Areas (Khon Kaen: Mekong Institute, December 2018).
The Government Public Relations Department. “Thailand Proposes Early Harvest Projects Under the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation Framework.” March 25, 2016. https://thailand.prd.go.th/ewt_news.php?nid=2927&filename=index.
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Tubilewicz, Czeslaw, and Kanishka Jayasuriya. “Internationalisation of the Chinese Subnational State and Capital: the Case of Yunnan and the Greater Mekong Subregion.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 69, no. 2 (December 3, 2014): 185–204.
UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2019: Special Economic Zones. New York, 2019.
UNIDO. Economic Zones in the ASEAN. Hanoi: UNIDO Country Office in Viet Nam, August 2015. https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media_upgrade/Resources/Publications/UCO_Viet_Nam_Study_FINAL.pdf.
Warr, Peter, and Jayant Menon. Cambodia’s Special Economic Zones. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 459, October 12, 2015.
Wood, Christopher, and Clarence Siziba. The Potential for Border Development Zones (BDZs) on South Africa’s Northern Border. Unpublished Draft, 2015. http://www.tips.org.za/files/border_development_zones_on_south_africas_northern_border.pdf.
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Zeng, Douglas Zhihua. China’s Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters: Success and Challenges. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper, 2012.
ADB. “Asian Economic Integration Report 2015: How Can Special Economic Zones Catalyze Economic Development?”. Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2015.
ADB. “Policy Coordination and Planning of Border Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China and Viet Nam” Manila: Asian Development Bank, January 2017
ADB “Greater Mekong Subregion Healthy Border Special Economic Zones Project” December 2019, https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/reg-53290-001-ipsa
Arnold, Dennis. “Administration, Border Zones and Spatial Practices in the Mekong Subregion,” PhD diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2010. https://doi.org/10.17615/3dhg-pq04
Arnold, Dennis. “Spatial Practices and Border SEZs in Mekong Southeast Asia.” Geography Compass 6, no. 12 (December 6, 2012): 740–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12012
AUC/OECD, Africa's Development Dynamics 2019: Achieving Productive Transformation, (OECD Publishing, Paris/AUC, Addis Ababa, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1787/c1cd7de0-en.
Bangkok Post, “Chiang Khong Focus of Border SEZ.” October 30, 2018. https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1566826/chiang-khong-focus-of-border-sez.
Campbell, Stephen. Border Capitalism, Disrupted: Precarity and Struggle Asian Industrial Zone. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018.
CCCME. “Overseas Economic and Trade Zones.” Accessed January 20, 2020. http://www.cccme.org.cn/cp/cooperation/zones.aspx.
Chen, Xiangmin. “Change and Continuity in Special Economic Zones: a Reassessment and Lessons From China.” Transnational Corporations 20 (2019): 49–74.
Davies, Ronald B, and Krishna Chaitanya Vadlamannati. “A Race to the Bottom in Labor Standards? an Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Development Economics 103 (2013): 1–14.
Farole, Thomas, and Gokhan Akinci. Special Economic Zones. Washington DC: The World Bank, 2011.
Glassman, Jim. Bounding the Mekong. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2010.
Gluckman. Ron “Bungle in the Jungle” Forbes July 27 2011, http://www.forbes.com/global/2011/0808/companies- laos-china-economy-gambling-gangsters-bungle-jungle.html
Government of the People's Republic of China, UNDP. Enhancing China-ASEAN Economic Integration: Cross-Border Economic Cooperation Zones at the China-Vietnam Border (CBEZ), Beijing: UNDP China, September 2007.
Han, Naw Betty. “Shwe Kokko: a Paradise for Chinese Investment.” Frontier Myanmar, September 5, 2019, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/shwe-kokko-a-paradise-for-chinese-investment .
The Himalayan Times, “Nepal, China to Construct Cross-Border SEZ.” May 20, 2019. https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/nepal-china-construct-cross-border-special-economic-zone/
Krainara, Choen. What Is Economic Zoning? History of Economic Zoning in Thailand and Relate It with Domestic and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Bangkok: School of Environment, Resources, and Development. Asian Institute of Technology, March 1, 2009.
Kudo, Toshihiro, and Masami Ishida. “Prologue: Progress in Cross-Border Movement and the Development of Border Economic Zones.” In Border Economies in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, edited by Masami Ishida. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
National Development and Reform Commission. “Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.” Last modified March 28, 2015. Accessed June 7, 2019. http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html.
Neveling, Patrick. “Export Processing Zones, Special Economic Zones and the Long March of Capitalist Development Policies During the Cold War.” In Decolonization and the Cold War, edited by Leslie James and Elisabeth Leake, 63–84. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.
Neveling, Patrick. “Free Trade Zones, Export Processing Zones, Special Economic Zones and Global Imperial Formations 200 BCE to 2015 CE.” In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism, edited by I Ness and Z Cope, 1007–1016, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Ong, Aihwa. “Graduated Sovereignty in South-East Asia.” Theory, Culture & Society 17, no. 4 (2000): 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470775875.ch3
Ong, Aihwa. “The Chinese Axis.” Journal of East Asian Studies 4 (2006): 69–96.
Perkins, Richard, and Eric Neumayer. “Does the ‘California Effect’ Operate Across Borders? Trading- and Investing-Up in Automobile Emission Standards.” Journal of European Public Policy 19, no. 2 (March 2012): 217–37. doi:10.1080/13501763.2011.609725
Phoonphongphiphat, Apornrath “Thailand Scraps New Economic Zones and Plans Regional Linkups.” Nikkei Asian Review, August 15, 2018, https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Thailand-scraps-new-economic-zones-and-plans-regional-linkups.
Pinitwong, Assawin. “Kokko Chinatown Project Sparks Concerns in Tak.” Bangkok Post. June 23, 2019. https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1700208/kokko-chinatown-project-sparks-concerns-in-tak.
Project Management International Lt. Progress Report I Volume 1: GMS Capacity Development for Economic Zones in Border Areas. Unpublished Consultant Report, 2017
Rippa, Alessandro. “Mapping the Margins of China’s Global Ambitions: Economic Corridors, Silk Roads, and the End of Proximity in the Borderlands.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 00, no. 00 (January 20, 2020): 1–22.
Shahar, Hameiri, Jones Lee, and Heathershaw John. “Reframing the Rising Powers Debate: State Transformation and Foreign Policy.” Third World Quarterly 0, no. 0 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1594182
Singa Boyenge, Jean-Pierre. ILO Database on Export Processing Zones (Revised). International Labour Office, April 2007. https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2007/107B09_80_engl.pdf.
Thame, Charlie. SEZs and Value Extraction From the Mekong. Bangkok: Focus on the Global South, July 2017. https://focusweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/sezs_and_value_extraction_in_the_mekong_english.pdf
Thame, Charlie Joint Study and Survey of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and Cross Border Economic Zones (CBEZs) to Match Complementary SEZs and Identify Prioritized Areas (Khon Kaen: Mekong Institute, December 2018).
The Government Public Relations Department. “Thailand Proposes Early Harvest Projects Under the Mekong-Lancang Cooperation Framework.” March 25, 2016. https://thailand.prd.go.th/ewt_news.php?nid=2927&filename=index.
Trilling, David. “On China Kazakhstan Border Lies a Lopsided Free Trade Zone.” Eurasia.Net. Last modified September 5, 2014. Accessed August 3, 2018. 2014. https://eurasianet.org/on-china-kazakhstan-border-lies-a-lopsided-free-trade-zone
Tubilewicz, Czeslaw, and Kanishka Jayasuriya. “Internationalisation of the Chinese Subnational State and Capital: the Case of Yunnan and the Greater Mekong Subregion.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 69, no. 2 (December 3, 2014): 185–204.
UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2019: Special Economic Zones. New York, 2019.
UNIDO. Economic Zones in the ASEAN. Hanoi: UNIDO Country Office in Viet Nam, August 2015. https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media_upgrade/Resources/Publications/UCO_Viet_Nam_Study_FINAL.pdf.
Warr, Peter, and Jayant Menon. Cambodia’s Special Economic Zones. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 459, October 12, 2015.
Wood, Christopher, and Clarence Siziba. The Potential for Border Development Zones (BDZs) on South Africa’s Northern Border. Unpublished Draft, 2015. http://www.tips.org.za/files/border_development_zones_on_south_africas_northern_border.pdf.
Xinhua. “Xi Says China Ready to Advance Friendly Cooperation with Nepal,” October 13, 2019. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/13/c_138468936.htm.
Zeng, Douglas Zhihua. China’s Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters: Success and Challenges. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper, 2012.