Sì Dà Tiān Wáng: The Perception of Four Heavenly Kings in Chinese Temples in Chiang Mai

Abstract

 This research aims to analyze the differences in artistic styles, symbolism, and roles of the Four Heavenly Kings in Thai and Chinese temples in Mueang Chiang Mai District. The study involved field research, including data collection and photography of the Four Heavenly Kings in both Thai and Chinese temples. The collected data was then analyzed to identify the distinct features of their representations in these two cultural contexts. The findings reveal that in Thai temples, the Four Heavenly Kings are typically depicted in sculptural form, positioned at temple entrances or in front of the ordination hall (Ubosot). Their statues reflect Thai and Lanna artistic styles, characterized by a calm, dignified, and majestic demeanor. Among them, Vaisravana is the most revered deity, often depicted holding a long club as his signature weapon. He is typically adorned in elaborate warrior or royal attire, intricately decorated with Thai and Lanna patterns. Conversely, in Chinese temples, the Four Heavenly Kings are commonly represented in mural paintings, often located in pavilions or at temple gates. This follows the Mahayan Buddhist tradition, which regards them as “Gate Guardians” The paintings emphasize dynamic expressions and powerful postures, conveying a sense of strength and vitality. Each of the Four Heavenly Kings is depicted holding a distinct symbolic weapon. Additionally, the artistic style incorporates traditional Chinese motifs, such as cloud patterns and Chinese inscriptions. The study concludes that the artistic representations of the Four Heavenly Kings in Thai and Chinese temples differ significantly in terms of presentation, artistic concepts, and symbolism. Thai temples emphasize intricate craftsmanship, elegance, and serenity, whereas Chinese temples highlight power, movement, and expressive gestures. These differences reflect the distinct cultural and religious influences that have shaped the artistic and spiritual traditions of both Thai and Chinese communities.