From Pilgrimage to Historical-Cultural Tourism: The Hajj Ritual in Contemporary Capitalism
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Abstract
This research, From Pilgrimage to Cultural-Historical Tourism: The Hajj in the Contemporary Capitalism, aims to (1) examine the transformation of the Hajj from a religious rite to a cultural and tourism activity, and (2) analyze the influence of capitalism on the management, communication, and consumption of the Hajj in contemporary society. The study adopts a qualitative research approach, employing documentary analysis and critical analysis, framed by political economy, sociology of religion, and cultural studies perspectives. The findings reveal that in the context of contemporary capitalism, the Hajj has shifted from a sacred ritual to a spiritual commodity managed through industrial-scale systems and the free market, reflecting economic inequality and commodified and packaged as a standardized experience. Nevertheless, pilgrims are not merely passive recipients; rather, they actively negotiate, choose, reject, or reinterpret; they actively negotiate, select, reject, or reinterpret the ritual according to their own contexts and participation. The study’s implications highlight the significant roles of the state and capital in shaping the structure and meaning of the Hajj, while also allowing space for pilgrims to adapt and redefine their faith. The results can serve as a policy reference for balancing the religious, cultural, and economic dimensions of the Hajj.
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