A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in Language Use for Encouragement in Bibliotherapy: The Case of How-to Books

Abstract

This research article aims to study the characteristics of the use of conceptual metaphors to create encouragement in therapeutic literature: How to book within the framework of Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) cognitive linguistics. The study employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis, supplemented by quantitative data. The data were collected from Win Lyowarin’s Motivational Books series, specifically from words and expressions that convey encouragement. Using simple random sampling, 8 out of 16 books were selected, comprising a total of 1,920 pages. The findings revealed 445 metaphorical expressions related to encouragement. These metaphors were categorized into the following aspects: objects, nature, humans, business/finance, education, health, belief and religion, and food. The results demonstrate three major perspectives on encouragement: (1) metaphors that encourage by drawing on readers’ prior experiences; (2) metaphors that encourage by reinterpreting readers’ prior experiences in ways that create contrast or conflict with existing concepts, often integrating religious philosophy, Buddhist principles, and contemporary science; and (3) metaphors that encourage through the author’s own conceptualizations, which are conveyed directly to readers. Overall, the use of metaphors reflects both epistemic and ontological dimensions in the creation of encouragement within bibliotherapeutic contexts.